No. 3(103) (2024): Research, results

The article examines in detail the indicators of acute, cumulative and chronic toxicity of a complex phytopreparation and its individual components made from the collection of medicinal plants with medicinal properties. The data obtained as a result of the study showed that the complex phytopreparation and its individual components, when administered intramuscularly and orally, do not cause the death of laboratory animals. After the introduction of plant extracts in animals, reactions occurred instantly and manifested themselves in the form of short-term anxiety. Clinical signs of mild intoxication last 5-7 minutes, and then completely stop. To study the possible consequences of the metatoxic effect of phytopreparation components, no obvious pathological abnormalities in internal organs were revealed during pathoanatomic autopsies. The pathological picture in the compared groups was of the same type and no special signs were revealed. As a result of data analysis, it was revealed that repeated administration of a phytopreparation in high doses leads to a decrease in body weight of mice in the test groups. This indicator was especially observed when the phytopreparation was administered at a dose of 1.0 ml daily for 30 days, the absolute decrease in body weight of mice in the test group was 10.7% of the background values, and compared with the indicators of the control and intact groups, its significant decrease was observed, on average to 8.9%. Studies have found that a multicomponent phytopreparation in optimal doses has a stimulating effect on the morphological and biochemical parameters of the blood of laboratory animals, and in high doses, on the contrary, an inhibitory effect.

The article provides data on a histological study of the stomach of horses with helicobacteriosis. It is noted that these studies were carried out in the conditions of the southern and south-eastern regions of Kazakhstan: the farm "Sunkar" of the Zhambyl region, Almaty region, the agricultural production complex "Azamat 2" of the Beskaragay district of the Abay region, the farm "Akylbay" of the Eskeldinsky district of the Zhetysu region. In these regions, colic and signs of gastrointestinal diseases were often recorded. These symptom complexes required a more thorough examination of the gastrointestinal tract and especially the stomach of horses. For this purpose, EGDS studies (esophagogastroduodenoscopy) were carried out using a portable endoscope on 63 horses. As a result, biopsy samples were taken from different places with ulcerative and erosive lesions of the stomach in the amount of 1.5 cm3. After special processing, biopsy specimens were stained using immunohistochemical methods with hematoxylin-eosin and Lefler.

A histological examination of biopsy specimens revealed signs of helicobacteriosis in 17 horses, while pronounced erosive areas were observed in the studied animals, and minor hyperemia in the remaining 14.

The authors believe that the severity of the inflammatory response may be an independent factor stimulating cell proliferation. The proliferative activity of cells in the inflammatory infiltrate was greatest in the antrum. In biopsies from the body of the stomach, minimal expression of inflammatory cells was noted.

       The article considers the process of identifying different amounts of cleavable and non-cleavable basic food in the scars of protein fractions of protein in the south-east of Kazakhstan. The main factors influencing feed intake during fattening are the physical form of the feed, the energy concentration in the dry matter of the diet and the live weight of the sheep.

When feeding granulated feed mixtures, feed losses in the form of scraps are reduced by 20-25%, dry matter consumption increases by 10-15% and amounts to 45-50 g per 1 kg of live weight, which allows increasing the total consumption of nutrients by 25-30%, obtaining more meat production by 26.20%, lamb wool by 15.65%, reducing feed costs per 1 kg of gain by 2 feed units or 30%.

The proteins most intensively broken down in the rumen of sheep are those of clover and alfalfa grass (83.5-84.6%), grass from foothill and mountain pastures (70.0-71.7%), alfalfa hay and haylage (76.6-81.3%), corn silage (78.6%), and oat and barley grain (84.0-85.3%).

Intensive fattening of fat-tailed meat-and-fat sheep using our detailed feeding standards, feed mixtures, and compound feeds ensures an average daily gain of 200-230 g, a carcass weight at slaughter of 23-26 kg, a meat-pulp yield of 76-78% with an expenditure of 6.0-7.0 feed units, 78-80 MJ of exchange energy per 1 kg of live weight gain.

The article presents the results of a study indicating the development of a trend towards a decrease in the fineness of down and, consequently, an increase in the quality of raw materials depending on the intensity of growing young local goats.

The analysis and conclusions are made on the study of the shearing and quality of wool of local goats of Karakalpakstan, age dynamics, and their morphological features of wool such as types, lengths, elasticity of extensibility of wool fibers of local goats, which give an average of 100-150 g of fluff when carded, rarely up to 200 g, 5-7 cm long and 14-16 microns thin.

Until recently, goats were not combed for fluff in most areas of Uzbekistan. The length of the guard hair of local goats is 12-15 cm. The fineness is from 60 to 100 microns and more. The hair has weak scaling, due to which, unlike sheep wool, it almost does not fall out. Goats are sheared once a year in May. The average shearing of goats is 430-490 g, and of bucks - 530 g.

The influence of intensive rearing technology on the fineness of the wool fibers of local goats was studied in the natural geographic and climatic conditions of the Bakhrom Shabandoz farm in the Karauzyak region.

Reliable prediction of sepsis is an important clinical problem in medicine and veterinary medicine because of the high morbidity and mortality from sepsis complications. Studying the etiology of septic complications in feline panleukopenia, we adapted the PIRO and SAPS diagnostic scales proposed to assess the prognosis of sepsis in clinical veterinary medicine. Multistage assessment of the clinical condition of animals allows us to identify animals with increased risk of complications in the early stages of the septic process and to predict its lethality, to correctly assess the animal's condition and to optimize the therapeutic strategy for septic animals. The prognosis of the outcome of septic complications in feline panleukopenia was based on the study of case histories of 10 cats with the diagnosis of panleukopenia, registered when the animals were admitted to the hospital. Confirmation of viral disease was based on clinical signs of the disease - apathy, vomiting, diarrhea, morphological and biochemical blood tests, positive PCR-test for feline panleukopenia virus. The study was conducted at the Department of Epizootology and Organization of Veterinary Business of the Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology - K. I. Skryabin MVA. Statistical significance of the prognosis was evaluated by correlation and regression analysis of the indicators in a bundle (PIRO-Disease Outcome Score; SAPS-Disease Outcome Score; PIRO-Disease Outcome Score; PIRO-SAPS Score). The calculated parameters of the prognostic model of the disease outcome in cats diagnosed with panleukopenia explain the reliable dependence on the number of scores on the PIRO scale at the initial examination of animals by 86.1%.  

One of the important tasks of individual genetics of farm animals is to establish the relationship between economically useful selection traits. In addition, the number and direction of connections depends on the nature of the trait, the intensity of selection and the genotype of the animals. In this regard, it is very important to study the genetic parameters of selection traits of the first generations obtained by crossing the ewes of the Yedilbay breed with rams of the Gissar breed, and this is considered an urgent task of this work. The genetic-mathematical method allows you to analyze the breeding process in a livestock of animals, a herd and at the same time assess the influence of the genotype and environment on the characteristics and productivity of animals. The results of selection in agriculture are determined by such parameters as heritability (һ²), repeatability of traits (rb), correlation of selection traits (r), selection differential (SD), regression (R), selection efficiency (SE).

Research aimed at determining the relationship between the signs of genotypic variability of young coarse-wool sheep of different genotypes of the livestock breeding of Baiserke Agro LLP is of great relevance and scientific and practical importance in modern breeding, since the use of research results can reduce the time required to evaluate animals and significantly increase its speed, which speeds up the process.

The article presents data on the study of the effect of the phytomineral complex and the enzyme supplement Glucolux F on the degree of digestibility and assimilation of nutrients and the balance of calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen in the diet of calves of the dairy growing period.

The phytomineral complex was obtained by extracting alfalfa hay, followed by the addition of copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt and iodine salts. The enzyme Glucolyux F is aimed at hydrolysis of a complex carbohydrate complex to maltose and glucose. The studied feed additives increase the productivity of animals, reduce the cost of feeding them, and therefore increase the profitability of animal husbandry. Thus, in the experimental groups, there was a tendency to increase the intake of dry and organic matter into the body, BEV in comparison with the control group. Accordingly, the digestibility coefficients of crude fiber (by 2.9%), crude fat (by 3.3%), and crude protein (by 0.7%) are higher than the control group.

The average daily deposition of calcium into the body of animals in the experimental groups is higher by 0.16 - 0.92 g of the control group. At the same time, the average daily deposition of phosphorus in the body in the experimental groups exceeded the control group by 1.17 -3.59%. The nitrogen balance in the experimental groups exceeded the control group by 3.4% -14.2%.

The use of associated vaccines allows effective control of the infectious background of diseases in cattle. The main advantage of associated vaccines is that one-stage vaccine administration can prevent the development of several infectious diseases at once, form an immune response against several antigenic loads on the organism and reduce the number of injections. Throughout their lives, animals are immunized in stages, in several approaches and each time subjecting them to additional stress that affects their overall body condition. In some farms, the number of vaccinations in the first year of life of young animals reaches several dozen times. When using associated vaccines, for example, against pasteurellosis and leptospirosis of cattle, in the first year of life calves are vaccinated at the age of 20 - 30 days in a dose of 2 ml, subcutaneously, for adult cattle, the dose - 5 ml. The associated vaccine is used for prophylactic vaccination of calves and cows. The vaccine can be used with a protective purpose and forced in areas unfavorable for pasteurellosis and leptospirosis and adjacent to them. Animals with normal temperature and no clinical signs of the disease are vaccinated.

The article presents the results of research on selection of non-traditional crops for intensive use of irrigated lands depending on bioclimatic potential of growing zones.

Growth and accumulation of above-ground mass of spring main crops - oats and peas is slow compared to winter crops. The bushiness of oats was only 6 pieces, while in winter crops the bushiness reached 15-16 pieces. The average height of triticale at the earing phase was 108 cm, and that of rape 115 cm. The highest accumulation of crude and dry weight (2664, 1243 g) was observed in triticale crop.

The yield of green mass of winter crops in rape averaged 584 kg/ha, in triticale - 554 kg/ha. At joint sowing oats and peas to the beginning of earing and fruiting phase gain sufficient height: oats - 92 cm, peas - 55 cm, as a result they gain good above-ground green mass - 4 230 and 1 490 grams per square metre. Biological yield of green mass of joint sowing of oats and peas was 572 kg/ha.

The main winter crops of triticale, rape and for green mass were harvested on 15 and 17 May and their green mass yields averaged 554 and 584 kg/ha, respectively. Half of the rape and triticale crops were left to ripen to grain. This part of the crops was harvested on 07-10 July, with an average grain yield of 24.5 kg/ha for rape and 62.0 kg/ha for winter triticale. On the control variant, where winter barley crops were sown, the average yield was 56.6 c/ha.

Spring crops of main crops - joint sowing of oats and peas were harvested on 10-12 June, and the total yield of green mass was 579 kg/ha.

One of the important tasks of nursery farming in Kazakhstan is the need to produce not only standard, but also virus-free certified planting material. The first step in this direction with the aim of re-equipping horticulture in the republic is the planting of basic mother plantations with virus-free planting material. The solution of these issues became possible with the development and implementation of biotechnological systems in nursery farming. The article presents the composition of viral diseases of stone fruit clonal rootstocks in Kazakhstan and the results of improving the protocol of their clonal micropropagation at various stages. A collection of clonal rootstocks for plum, apricot and peach, consisting of 9 genotypes, was tested for the presence of 7 viruses. According to the result of PCR analysis, clonal rootstocks are free of viral diseases, and the Plum pox potyvirus (PPV) virus was detected in form No. 3 of the wild apricot P. armeniaca.

Virus-free plants were introduced into aseptic culture in vitro. The experiments showed that the shoots of stone fruits rootstocks are effectively sterilized from saprophytic microflora with 0.2% HgCl2 for 3 and 4 minutes. In this case, the number of those capable of regeneration is 70% and 80%. 

In Kazakhstan, apples dominate the country’s agro-economic niche, as evidenced by the huge gardens of crops. However, the widespread usage of rootstocks derived from virus-infected maternal and vegetative reproduction causes apples to have high levels of viral infection, which is widely used as a grafting among varieties. To fight viruses and viroids in plants, a mass, rapid, and accurate diagnostic examination is the most effective method. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the spread of two viruses ACLSV, ASPV and viroid AHVd in three regions of Kazakhstan. Virus detection is based on a combination of reverse transcription methods and a multiplexed polymerase chain reaction with real-time results (RT-PCR). Among 49 samples, RT-PCR in real time showed positive results of 18.4% ACLSV, 10.2% AHVd, and 51.02% ASPV. The results can be used for healing and to obtain virus-free stock material. Thus, the problem of providing the market of Kazakhstan with quality domestic planting material for trees has been solved. 

Efficient isolation of high-quality RNA is an important step in the detection of plant RNA viruses by molecular methods. RNA isolation from grape, apple and other fruit leaves is problematic due to the presence of polysaccharides, polyphenols and other compounds that bind to or co-precipitate with RNA. In this work, a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-based protocol for RNA isolation from grape, apple, apricot, plum and walnut leaves was optimized. The concentrations of PVP, 2-mercaptоethanоl and CTAB were increased. Incubation times with CTAB extraction buffer at 65 °C were optimized for each culture. For grape and apple leaves, the optimal incubation time is 40 minutes, for apricot leaves – 20 minutes, for plum and walnut leaves – 30 minutes. A comparative study of three different RNA extraction methods showed that the optimized protocol provides the highest quality and quantity of isolated RNA, as confirmed by electrophoresis and spectrophotometric analysis. RNA isolated using our protocol is suitable for subsequent molecular analyses, such as cDNA synthesis and PCR, demonstrating its suitability for the detection of viruses in various fruit tree species, including grape, apple, apricot, plum and walnut. The modified method is recommended for use in further studies on the detection of plant RNA viruses by PCR.

Viroids, the smallest plant pathogens, cause significant economic damage to agriculture worldwide. Currently, much attention is paid to their timely diagnostics in order to prevent their further spread. For the first time in the Republic of Kazakhstan, molecular diagnostics of the PLMVd viroid, the causative agent of latent mosaic of peach, included in the list of quarantine pathogens in the territory of the EAEU countries, was carried out. Samples of pear, cherry, peach and apricot leaves collected in the Almaty region were analyzed for the presence of the viroid. Reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the presence of specific primers developed by us, revealed a DNA fragment of 338 nucleotide pairs in two peach samples growing in the city of Almaty and the Karasai district of the Almaty region. PCR products were cloned into a bacterial vector with subsequent determination of their nucleotide sequence. Sanger sequencing and BLAST analysis confirmed the presence of PLMVd nucleic acid in the samples. Comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences of local PLMVd isolates showed 95.5% similarity between them and 81-96% similarity with published variants from other countries.

In the paper, under the conditions of the dry and hot climate of Southern Kazakhstan, precise timing, quantity, and irrigation schemes were determined in combination with various rates of mineral, micro-mineral fertilizers, and growth stimulators during different growth phases of plants. The yield of oilseed peas was determined experimentally. During the study period, the soil's moisture-physical properties at a depth of two meters (0-200 cm) ranged from 41.8% to 42.8%, with a maximum hygroscopicity of 4.56% to 4.70%. According to the data from the 2019 research presented in the table, the bulk density in the plow layer changed between 1.47 g/cm³ and 1.54 g/cm³. During the vegetative growth period of the oilseed bean, irrigation was conducted 8 times to maintain an irrigation regime with a minimum moisture level of 70-70-70%. Depending on the weather, subsequent irrigation was carried out every 14-17 days. The total volume of water used was 5450 m³/ha. To maintain soil moisture at a minimum level of 70-80-70% during the vegetation period of the oilseed bean, it was irrigated 9 times, with a total water consumption of 4600 m³/ha. The moisture reserves accumulated during the vegetative period of oilseed beans ranged from 190.6 mm to 84.1 mm at a depth of one meter.

Horticulture is the basis of the main economic directions of the Turkestan region. The conditions for the development of this industry have been created in the area, it is dynamically developing. To obtain a quality crop, it is necessary to grow high-yielding varieties that are resistant to disease development and adapted to the conditions of the Turkestan region. In the area, a large number of local varieties are cultivated, zoned and improved breeding achievements. As a constraining factor to the quality and yield of apple fruits can be attributed to fungal diseases. A limiting factor to the quality and yield of apple fruits can be attributed to fungal diseases. Including parsha (Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G.) and powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) leads to a reduction of volume and quality of fruits in apple orchards due to the disease, premature fall of fruits, poor development of fruit buds of the next year. In 2023, work was carried out on the detection of fungal diseases in the apple orchard of LLP "Akniet Agro" Turkestan region, LLP "Kazygurt" and PF "Koktaly", Tulkubas. The total sown area, on which the March research was conducted, was 74 ha. Summerred, Starkrimson, Idared, Gala, Fuji and Golden Delicious were grown in the orchard, laying the foundation for apple varieties. No powdery mildew infestation was observed in orchards in the Kazygurt district this year. In 303 trees of the Summerred variety, scab was detected, and the percentage of diseased trees is 3.7. No scab or powdery mildew was observed in the Fuji variety. No powdery mildew infection was observed on the leaves of trees in the orchards of 'Akniyet Agro' LLP and 'Kazygurt' LLP. 

The most widespread and effective method of protecting walnut trees from diseases is through chemical treatments. With the increasing variety of fungal pathogens affecting walnut trees in the southern zone of fruit production in Kazakhstan, there is a need to study the effectiveness of fungicides against these pathogens. Therefore, laboratory and field studies were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of several fungicides against the most common diseases of walnut trees caused by Fusarium and Alternaria fungi.

The effectiveness of fungicides with different mechanisms of action was studied for the first time. The fungicides evaluated were Score (difenoconazole, 250 g/l), Horus (cyprodinil, 750 g/kg), Stroby (kresoxim-methyl, 500 g/kg), Luna Tranquility (fluopyram, 125 g/l + pyrimethanil, 375 g/l) against walnut diseases in the southern zone of fruit cultivation in Kazakhstan. The results of both laboratory and field experiments showed that the most effective fungicide against fungal pathogens on walnut was Score (difenoconazole, 250 g/l). Stroby (kresoxim-methyl, 500 g/kg) also demonstrated over 80% biological efficacy against Alternaria alternata.

The results of this study will assist local growers in managing various fungal diseases in walnut plantations.

Oomycetes are a group of organisms that include some of the most dangerous plant pathogens capable of causing epiphytoties that lead to reduced crop yields and famine in some countries. The only available method of combating them – repeated application of fungicides in fields and careful selection of seed material – is ineffective for most of these pathogens. This paper proposes to use the HIGS (host-induced gene silencing) approach so that genetically modified plants, when infected with late blight, would cause the pathogen to silence its effector protein genes, which would prevent the pathogen from growing and reproducing in plant.

To implement the HIGS method against the pathogen Phytophthora infestans, we developed two genetically engineered constructs, one of which uses the P. infestans RXLR-effector gene AVR3a-b as the RNA interference target, and the other uses a region of the PITG_03155 effector gene, which is conserved for both P. infestans and P. cactorum. After Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of potato plants, we obtained four transgenic plants carrying a construct based on the AVR3a-b gene (two each of the “Milena” and “Gala” varieties) and one of “Milena” variety carrying a construct based on the PITG_03155 gene. These plants will be micro clonally propagated and tested for the presence of interfering RNA to the effector genes of P. infestans, after which the plant lines are planned to be planted under natural pathogenic background conditions and a comparative analysis with control plants for disease incidence and resistance will be conducted.

Barley is an important grain feed crop. A significant amount of it is also used for the production of cereals and beer. Barley ranks fourth in the world in terms of sown area (about million hectares) and grain harvest. The volume of barley crops in the Republic of Kazakhstan is reaching  2 million  hectare. In 2021-2023 on the experimental field of the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing conducted a field assessment of the resistance of 216 varieties of winter and spring domestic barley origin to the most common fungal diseases in Kazakhstan Over three years of field research, it was possible to obtain objective data on the reaction to infection with a pathogen. Based on the results of phytopathological assessment, sources of resistance to major fungal diseases were selected among barley varieties. We divided the studied varieties into groups based on the degree of resistance (susceptibility) to the causative agents of fungal diseases, highly resistant (damage rate 0%) not detected, resistant: were discovered  59 varieties of winter and spring barley resistant to fungal diseases.

The article presents the results of a study of the formation of leaf surface area of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) in the process of ontogenesis. The development of buckwheat plants can be divided into two main periods: vegetative - lasting from germination to flowering and generative - from flowering to ripening. The total duration of these periods determines the early maturity of the variety. In addition, the overall growing season is strongly influenced by environmental conditions - the sum of positive temperatures and the amount of precipitation.

In the conditions of the short frost-free period of the Akmola region, when creating new varieties, special attention must be paid to the level of early maturity of the breeding material.

The generative period of buckwheat is usually longer and is characterized by a large number of processes occurring in parallel with plant maturation: the formation of leaves, shoots, grains and an increase in total biomass. Therefore, it is difficult to record the clear onset or end of various phases of plant development. In addition, due to intravarietal variability, each variety line can have different biotypes with individual deviations in the periods of ontogenesis in one direction or another.

The work compares the determination of leaf area by three different methods and selects the simplest and most informative of them.

The study of the area of the assimilation surface of leaves during the growing season made it possible to select crop biotypes that differ in the rate of development phases and to establish the relationship between leaf area and grain productivity. Buckwheat biotypes 72-06.06, 78-05.18, 63-11.26 were identified, combining the optimal ratio of assimilation surface and grain productivity and fruit size.

The Common Almond (Prunus Dulcis Mill) represents an economic value due to the nutritional value of its fruit: Taste, nutrient-rich and long-term storage. In the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the almond is classified as an endangered population, which makes it necessary to restore them.

The recovery of the declining populations of the Common Almond is efficiently carried out with the application of in vitro culture, which allows to obtain fast and mass-quantity planting material. For the production of aseptic plants, it is better to use green shoots with 2-3 buds, which are grown from lignified shoots. Effective method of sterilization from saprophytic microflora - consecutive treatment with water solution of bleach «White» (1:1) for 10 minutes, solution 0,1% HgCl2 5 min, 3 times sterile distilled water. Optimal medium for in vitro - hormone-free MC, for clonal micropropagation - MC containing 1.0 mg/l BAP, 0.02 mg/l IBA and 30 g/l sucrose. The reproduction rate is 2.8 on average, and the length of shoots in 4-6 weeks - 5.0-6.3 cm.

Under laboratory conditions, the cultural, morphological and biochemical properties of strains belonging to the Bacillus thuringiensis group were studied, with their deeper selection, promising as producers of biological products with entomocidal action against harmful organisms. According to the results of serological identification, the isolated bacteria were assigned to three serotypes: 3a3b3c – subspecies Bt kurstaki; H4ab-subspecies Bt sotto and 31 serotypes of the species Bt toguchini. According to the conducted analyses, we found that the studied bacteria in nature are most often found 3a 3b 3c serotypes belonging to the subspecies Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (84%). Currently, this subspecies is most widely used as the basis of bacterial biologics.

At the same time, the growth of microorganisms on different nutrient media was studied. According to the results of our research, medium "A" turned out to be more favorable for strains of the bacterium B. thuringiensis, since the components contained in this medium provide the nutritional needs of this culture. This medium was used as a working medium for the isolation of bacteria from natural substrates, during further replanting, as well as during the storage of bacteria for a long time.

The article studied the effect of irrigation and the use of various fertilizers on the yield of oil peas placed after winter wheat in the crop rotation system on the experimental field of the South-Western Research Institute of Animal Husbandry and Plant Production in the period 2019 -2021. in the south of Kazakhstan. Due to the climatic conditions of the southern regions, the shortage of irrigation water increases every year. Therefore, it is very important and relevant to know the water-physical and agrochemical properties of the soil in the conditions of irrigated lands when developing an irrigation regime and water-saving technology, as well as to determine the amount of nutrients in the soil in order to obtain a high yield of agricultural crops, as well as to use and regulate various mineral fertilizers and growth regulators, since the conditions for the development of higher plants and microorganisms often depend on these issues. According to the applied irrigation rate in the first years of research, depending on soil moisture and the use of various fertilizers, the plant height was 88.9 cm, the height of the lowest pod tie was 10.7 cm, the weight of 1000 grains was 123.2 g, therefore, the highest yield oilseeds amounted to 33.5 c/ha.

Bioremediation is one of the natural, environmentally friendly and economical ways to remove pollutants from the environment. Microbial enzymes involved in the biodegradation of toxic organic and inorganic pollutants during bioremediation are environmentally friendly, safe and effective for restoring the biological and physico-chemical properties of degraded soils. In our country, only a few microbial enzymes are used for bioremediation, and a huge variety of microorganisms has not yet been studied. In order to isolate strains from soil actinomycetes that are highly effective in the decomposition of pesticides, microorganisms were sown in an agar culture medium containing xenobiotics. Pesticides widely used in agriculture were used as xenobiotics. The study showed that in experimental variants, the growth and development of most actinomycete strains decreased due to exposure to pesticides. But, despite the toxic effect of pesticides, some strains of actinomycetes were capable of growth, which indicates their destructive activity. According to destructive activity, 16 strain, 31 strain, 46 strain, 49 strain, and 59 strain can be noted. These strains of actinomycetes were selected to create a collection for the purpose of creating and using biological preparations.

The article presents the results of a comprehensive assessment of the quality of the chemical composition and nutritional value of the haymaking mass of 29 varieties and complex hybrid populations of the boneless stalk of Omsk breeding and NPCX in the nursery of competitive variety testing for the period from 2019 to 2021. The results of the research indicate that the most valuable forage samples were obtained in favorable weather conditions in 2019, with the degree of moisture of the growing season of the GTK 1.6, hay corresponding to class 1 was obtained. The crude protein content ranged from 8.87% to 16.64% over the years, the exchange energy of 8.79 MJ - 9.66 MJ, feed units 0.626 - 0.756 kg/kg. The largest number of feed units was obtained in the third year of use 0.755 - 0.756 kg/kg. The 13 best populations representing the nutritional value of the hay mass have been identified. Comparing the nutrient content in the hay of the Omsk seedling selection and the selection of NPCCH, insignificant differences were found. A high degree of inverse dependence of the nutritional value (exchange energy and feed units) on the mass fraction of crude fiber with a correlation coefficient r = -0.999 has been established.

The article presents the results of a comparative assessment of the technological properties of grain of spring soft wheat varieties of Kazakh and foreign selection. On average, in terms of weight of 1000 grains, the nature of the grain and glassiness of grain, Kazakhstani varieties (33.3g, 799g/l, 60%, respectively) exceeded foreign ones (32.1g, 790 g/l and 58%). The varieties Boyevchanka and Asyl Sapa were distinguished by a high content of protein and gluten in grain with good quality (16.99%, 36.1% and 76 IDK units; 17.15% 36.0% and 68 IDK units), hey also differed in maximum water absorption of 79.8 ml and 99 e.v. and 77.0 ml and 94 e.v.. The maximum level of specific work of dough deformation (W) was noted in the varieties Astana (431 e.a.) and Asyl sapa (430 e.a.). For varieties of Kazakh selection, the average level of bread volume was 683 ml; varieties of foreign originators showed a higher volume of 709 ml from 100 g of flour. It is shown that all studied varieties are classified as hard-grain and medium-hard for baking purposes. Varieties of Kazakhstani selection classified as hard grain: Astana, Akmola 2, Shortandinskaya 95 improved, Asyl sapa, Shortandinskaya 2014, Shortandinskaya 2012, Aina, foreign-Likamero, Anabel, Granni, Alicia.The advantage of the line of Kazakh varieties in comparison with foreign ones in terms of grain quality and rheological properties of the dough has been established.

The aim of the study was to optimize liquid nutrient media for the growth and development of potato plants of Colombo variety and the production of microtubers from them in a temporary immersion bioreactor.
            In the study, optimization of MS nutrient media by phytohormones for growth and development of potato plant explants and subsequent formation of microtubers from them was carried out.
            The results showed that the most optimal liquid MS medium for obtaining well-developed plants was the nutrient medium containing hormones GA (0.1 mg/L) and IBA (0.5 mg/L), and the medium containing hormones IBA (2 mg/L) and Kinetin (2 mg/L) for microtubers formation.

The paper presents the main results of studying the productivity of the vegetative mass of buckwheat plants (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) using various predecessors when cultivated in the conditions of the Akmola region for use in the production of rutin. A comparison of the yield of buckwheat green mass was carried out using two different predecessors - pure flat-cut fallow and the stubble of annual grain crops. Yield accounting was determined by three phases of plant development: beginning of flowering, full flowering, beginning of ripening. For study, typical biotypes of buckwheat belonging to various ecological and geographical groups cultivated in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan were identified. The level of phytomass productivity was significantly influenced by various factors. Significant differentiation was observed in the responsiveness of biotypes to changes in environmental conditions. The most significant factor should include weather conditions during the years of the experiments (amount of precipitation and positive temperatures). The agricultural background of cultivation had a strong influence on productivity. In particular, the advantage of the vapor background was observed throughout all years of experience. Biotypes 255-25, 215-12, 211-3, 197-10, 166-13 had the maximum level of green mass formation under contrasting moisture conditions. The dynamics of development of buckwheat plants throughout the entire growing season was traced and the development phase corresponding to the maximum yield of green mass was determined. As a result of the research, the potential productivity of buckwheat green mass in the conditions of the Akmola region was determined. A comparison was made of the crop yield level based on pure fallow and the stubble predecessor. The most productive biotypes in terms of phytomass are included in the selection process for further development.

Cherry (Prunus cerasus) is one of the significant fruit crops widely cultivated in temperate climate zones. Due to its unique organoleptic and nutritional characteristics, cherries are widely used both fresh and processed into various food products, such as jams, juices, and preserves. Moreover, cherries possess health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, making them an important subject of research in functional nutrition and medicine. Modern agriculture faces challenges such as climate change, increased plant diseases, and higher demands for quality agricultural products. Enhancing the resistance of cherries to stress factors like phytopathogens, pests, and abiotic stresses is a key task. In the context of changing climates and growing needs for nutritious and medicinal foods, breeding new cherry varieties with improved traits is of particular importance. Modern biotechnological methods significantly accelerate the breeding process, providing precise analysis and manipulation of genetic resources. The study involves a comparative assessment of genetic, physiological, and biochemical parameters of several cherry varieties to identify key factors determining their resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses. Additionally, the research employs innovative biotechnological methods, such as molecular marking and genome editing, to create new cherry breeding lines with enhanced characteristics. These methods offer opportunities for precise and efficient breeding, representing an important step towards developing high-yield and resilient varieties. The novelty also lies in using an integrative approach that combines genetic, physiological, and biochemical data, providing a more comprehensive understanding of cherry adaptation and resistance mechanisms. The results showed that the Vladimirskaya and Shokoladnitsa varieties are the most suitable for this region due to their high yield and disease resistance. The results of the study will be of great importance for the breeding of new cherry varieties with improved characteristics, increasing resistance to stress factors and expanding the possibilities of using cherries as a functional food product.

The article notes that in the conditions of the Zhetysu region, the Helicoverpa armigera Hubn.is a pest of the agrocenosis of sugar corn. bioecological features and measures to combat them are analyzed. The bioecological specificity of the Helicoverpa armigera Hubn.pest in the agrocenosis of sugar corn crops has been studied, the effectiveness of various pheromone traps for studying the dynamics of summer of the imago of the cotton butterflyhas been determined. Depending on the time of sowing in the territory of the Zhetysu region, damage to sugar corn crops and the settlement of theHelicoverpa armigera Hubn.were studied. The causes of depression in the number of cotton butterfly, the most accurate methods for predicting the departure time of the imago of the first generation have been identified. In addition, applying insecticides to sugar corn crops, their biological and economic efficiency was evaluated. Based on the results of the conducted research, the optimal timing of sowing sweet corn and the optimal timing of the application of measures to combat them were determined.

To combat the pest of the Helicoverpa armigera Hubn., Gabrobracon entomophages (Habrobracon hebetor), biologics for combating small-scale farming (plot area of 20 m2) were tested: Greene gold, 0.3% by weight (0.3%), Biobaturin, S.P. Bacillus thuringiensis 32000 IU/mg and chemical insecticides: Abalon, 1.8% K.E. (18g/l), Barin, K.E. (36g/L), Tsepellin, K.E. (100g/L), Thiamamectin, 3.6%, K.E. and protective measures were applied.  In addition, in the production experiment (the area of the plot is 2 hectares), only chemical insecticides were tested on sugar corn crops.

Potato is one of the strategically important agricultural crops in Kazakhstan. At the same time, the main areas of potato cultivation are occupied by foreign varieties, due to the long growing season of local varieties. This article is devoted to the creation of initial breeding material of potato. The results on hybridization of varieties of domestic and foreign selection are given. The main attention is paid to the creation of varieties with shallow laying of potato eyes and yellow color, without enzyme blackening and early maturity. At the end of plant hybridization, 7 out of 4 combinations were successful (57%). Four hybrids were obtained, three of which proved to be fertile and viable.  The percentage of germination of plants in soil was 33.3%, 45.4% and 60% for Gala x Shagalali, Yagodnyi 19 x Fry and Gala x Yagodnyi 19, respectively. High performance both in terms of plant survival and tuber number and size was characteristic of combinations in which Yagodnyi variety was one of the parents. The largest minituber was 4.5 cm and the smallest 1.2 cm for the same hybrid but different lines. An in vitro plant collection has been established to preserve source material.

This article presents the results of experiments on optimizing the stages of in vitro culture introduction  and microclonal propagation of three promising varieties of blackberry plants -Natchez, Black Magic and Osage. As a result of the study, conditions for introducing axillary buds used as explants for in vitro culture were optimized. The plant material was sterilized with chemical agents, including treatment of the explants with a soap solution, solution of 70% ethanol and sodium hypochloride with the addition of 5-6 drops of Tween-20 in various compositions. It was found that when exposed to 70% ethanol for 2 minutes and 1% sodium hypochloride solution for 15 minutes, the yield of sterile explants contains 85%. Murashige-Skoog medium with various combinations of phytohormones was used as a nutrient medium. The optimal nutrient medium for cultivating explants in vitro was MS medium with the addition of 0.1 mg/l 6-BAP, which ensured the survival rate of blackberry explants in the experiment from 86% to 90%. It was found that the most optimal for increasing the coefficient of microclonal propagation of the studied blackberry varieties in vitro is the MS medium with 0.5 mg/l 6-BAP and 0.1 mg/l GA3.

The article discusses the basics of organizing measures to combat leaf pests of the vegetative organs of rapeseed culture. Field experiments were conducted in 2022-2024 in the Berik farm in the T. Ryskulov district of the Zhambyl region. The zoned rapeseed varieties Jubilee, Cyclone, Ratnik, Forum, Sibnik were selected as the main object of research.  Chemical preparations have been tested for measures to combat harmful organisms of culture: avant, K. E. 0.2 l/ha, askum, K. E. 0.2 l/ha, stability, K. E. 0.8, lyatrin, K. E. 0.1 l / ha.

Carrying out daily processing of rapeseed seeds allows you to protect them from diseases and pests. In the region where our study was conducted, we found cruciferous fleas, rapeseed sawfly, cabbage and cruciferous whitefly and cruciferous aphids that infect the leaves of the rapeseed crop, which cause the most damage.

All the drugs tested above showed high biological efficacy, i.e. an indicator of up to 80-83%. The number of pests (cruciferous fleas, rapeseed sawfly, cabbage and cruciferous whitefly and cruciferous aphids) has also sharply decreased. We came to the conclusion that the treatment of seeds and rapeseed crops with tested preparations helps to reduce damage to this crop by pests affecting the leaves.

This article presents the results of regulating processes under stressful conditions during the distillation of tulips in an enclosed greenhouse of the Botanical Garden of the International Kazakh-Turkish University named after H. A. Yasavi.  In order to evaluate the effectiveness of antistressants against stress factors affecting the decorative, economic and biological indicators of tulips, a 0.2% mixture of the immunomodulatory drug Megafol was used. 15 Dutch cultivars belonging to three classes were selected:  triumph (Curry, Royal Virgin, Sweet Rosy, Novi Sun, Montezuma, Aomory, Panenka, Dutch Design), fringed (San Christina, San Luiz, Indiana), peony tulips (Akebono, Columbus, Purpule Sky, Icoone). The database of conditions of influence on the quality indicators of tulips is summarized with the determination of the ratio of greenhouse conditions and outdoor temperature conditions during the growing season according to the conditions of 9- and 5-degree cultivation technology. The effectiveness of 1.5-2% antistressant solution under stressful conditions has been experimentally proven.

The effect of megafol on the production of finished products with high market value was 82-96% according to variety specificity. The effectiveness of the antistressant was manifested in the uniform growth of plants of tulip varieties, in a neutral peat substrate with optimal water-physical properties, an intensive growth of tulips in height was observed, and the plant also meets high consumer requirements for such decorative properties as the volume and height of the perianth and the multicoloration of the corolla.

Corn, as one of the most important grain feed crops, is of great importance in increasing gross grain yields. Corn smut (Ustilago zeae) can also cause large economic losses in susceptible sweet corn hybrids. Protection against this pathogen is mainly based on prevention. To date, many corn smut control methods have been recommended or evaluated, including crop rotation, sanitation, seed treatments, fertility modification, and biological control. Despite these frequently cited control strategies, host resistance appears to be the only effective control method for common smut in areas where Ustilago zeae is common. The purpose of the study is to study the resistance to smut against a natural infectious background of samples from a collection of corn from breeding nurseries in Kazakhstan. Based on the results of a study of the resistance of a corn collection to bladder smut against a natural infectious background, varieties were identified on whose plants symptoms of the disease were not detected: Altay 250 MV, Budan 237 MV, Tatty-2012 and Tayelsizdik-20 SV. The identified samples also had high productivity and grain yield. A high level of heritability (Hb2 – 0.85) of the disease susceptibility index among the studied samples was revealed.

Natural substrates (soil, leaf litter, tree bark) were collected to isolate Bacillus thuringiensis isolates during route studies conducted in Almaty and Akmola regions. At the same time, 84 dead insects from the group of Lepidopteran with signs of bacteriosis were found in the Almaty region. 30 of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates were isolated from insect corpses found in nature with signs of bacteriosis. The isolates are stored in the collection of microorganisms of the biotechnological laboratory of the Kazakh Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zhazken Zhiembaev.

The collection strains, based on their physiological and biochemical properties and serological identification, were classified into the following serotypes: subspecies Bt kurstaki; 3a363c, H4ab – subspecies Bt sotto and 31 serotypes of subspecies Bt toguchini. The assessment of the biological activity of the strains was carried out on caterpillars of the second and third old-year of the apple ermine. The experiment revealed high heterogeneity of the studied crops in terms of virulence. As a result of the experiment, eight out of 30 strains (26.6%) showed a high rate of biological activity against pests (90-100%). As a result of the experiment, it was established that the aftereffect of the bacterium against agricultural pests leads to a weakening of the physiological activity of the bacteria. insects, which indicates that even surviving individuals can no longer harm a particular crop, since they are in an inactive state.

Wheat is one of the economically important products of our country. Wheat leaf rust disease is a type of disease that directly affects its yield. The causative agent of the disease is the fungus Puccinia triticina. One of the ways to combat the disease is to identify varieties resistant to the leaf rust disease of the leaves of Puccinia triticina, as well as to identify and select the genes responsible for this resistance. The research work was carried out in the field and in the laboratory. The resistance of 30 varieties of winter wheat to leaf rust of Puccinia triticina was determined by conducting a phytopathological study in field conditions. As a result, 7 varieties showed an immunoresistance index (IR<0.1): Alatau Alikhan (0.01), Keremet (0.01), Naz (0), Rasad (0.01), Taza (0), Tyngysh (0). 10 varieties of winter wheat had a high level of resistance (IR – 0.1-0.4): Aliya, Almaly, Kyzylbiday, Mayra, Mereke 70, Ramin, Raminal, Reke, Sapaly, Sultan 2. A structural analysis was also carried out in order to study its yield. By weight of 1000 grains, the following varieties were distinguished (>49 g): Alatau (49.85), Kyzylbiday (52.96), Mayra (54.11), Mereke 70 (49.72), Naz (50.60), Raminal (55.66), Rasad (49.81), Sapaly (51.87). As a result of general studies on leaf rust resistance and yield, the following varieties with high indicators were distinguished: Alatau, Alikhan, Almaly, Kyzylbiday, Mayra, Mereke 70, Naz, Raminal, Rasad, Sapaly and Tyngysh. In the future, these varieties can be used in breeding as resistant to the leaf rust disease Puccinia triticina and having high yields.

Improving the quality of data of the Unified state real estate cadastre is one of the important tasks. The analysis of the technological process of creation and functioning of the information system ‘Unified State Real Estate Cadastre’ when transferring data from the automated information system of the state land cadastre and from the state database ‘Real Estate Register’ is carried out.

The main emphasis is placed on the organisation of control over the distribution and correction of errors in the system. The methodology under consideration facilitates the organisation of control over the distribution and correction of errors in the information system ‘Unified state real estate cadastre’, the creation of an information data model that contains information on the current correction of errors, as well as the systematisation of legal criteria for the priority of rights register data over real estate cadastre data.

The information system ‘Unified state cadastre of real estate’ contributes to the creation of an information data model that includes information about the current correction of errors, and the systematization of legal criteria for prioritizing information from the register of rights over information from the real estate cadastre. The described methods are aimed at improving the completeness and reliability of data, which plays a key role in the functioning of the ‘Unified state real estate cadastre’. The introduction of a unified system allows consolidating land and legal cadastres, providing equal access to information for all citizens and contributing to the harmonisation of land and property relations.

This paper reviews the physiographic and hydrological characteristics of the Shu River and presents a theoretical analysis of the anthropogenic pressure on its basin. The Shu River is an important element of the natural and socio-economic landscape of Central Asia, and its ecological integrity requires an integrated approach and international co-operation to ensure sustainable development of the region and conservation of its natural wealth.

The developed methodology and flowchart for systematic assessment of the impact of human activity on water resources of a river basin are presented. The main attention is paid to identification of key parameters of anthropogenic impact and development of new approaches for effective risk management in the context of preservation of ecological sustainability of aquatic ecosystems. The following parameters are identified to assess the anthropogenic load: climatic, hydrological, hydrochemical, water management. In addition, as an additional parameter, monitoring and data analysis are proposed, which allows a deeper understanding of the impact of various factors on the state of the river basin and improves the accuracy of forecasts. The proposed methodology and developed tools can be used to create similar research bases in other regions, contributing to more targeted and well-founded water resources management and environmental protection. Implementation of the proposed approaches will help not only to improve understanding of current environmental problems, but also to develop strategies to minimise negative impacts and ensure long-term sustainability of aquatic ecosystems

The current state of the environment is a consequence of the decades-long policy of an extensive approach to the development of productive forces and exploitation of natural resources. Over the years of land relations reforms in the Republic of Kazakhstan, problems associated with the degradation of soil fertility have emerged and significantly increased due to the violation and pollution of lands as a result of irrational physical and chemical impacts on the soil. The withdrawal of lands from economic circulation, as well as their transfer from agricultural lands to other categories, primarily for industrial, urban development and other needs, have aggravated the environmental situation with the process of land degradation.

The Republic of Kazakhstan ranks tenth in the world in terms of its territory. The country's territory is characterized by deserts, semi-deserts and steppes, which, combined with an arid and continental climate, determines the vulnerability of ecosystems to desertification/land degradation processes. Another factor influencing the aggravation of the problem is anthropogenic activity. Today, the problems of desertification/land degradation are particularly relevant in the Aral Sea region, the Balkhash region, and areas where intensive oil and gas production is carried out – in Western Kazakhstan, in the south of the country. In general, about 66% of the entire territory of the country is subject to desertification/land degradation processes in one form or another. The development of soil degradation is also determined by both a combination of natural conditions (climate, relief, mechanical composition of soils, etc.), and the degree of anthropogenic impact on them and the intensity of land use, primarily agricultural. Depending on the main factor of soil destruction and loss of fertility. 

This article evaluates the suitability for irrigation of treated domestic wastewater at wastewater treatment plants in small settlements of the East Kazakhstan region located near the Ertis river, such as the village of Novaya Bukhtarma and the city of Serebryansk.

The analysis of the suitability of water for irrigation purposes was carried out using the following indicators: using the ion exchange coefficients of I.N. Antipov-Karatayev and G.M. Kader, the irrigation coefficient of Staebler, the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), the danger of secondary alkalinization according to SAR, the danger of soil salinization, and the danger of magnesium alkalinization of the soil.

To study the chemical composition of treated domestic wastewater, wastewater samples were taken from the cities of Serebryansk and the village of Novaya Bukhtarma and their chemical composition was determined in the accredited laboratory of the Testing Laboratory of LLP "NPO "VK-EKO".

According to the results of laboratory studies, it was established that the purified wastewater of Novaya Bukhtarma and Serebryansk are classified as weakly mineralized in terms of mineralization, and the wastewater is classified as sulfate according to Alekin in terms of salt composition. According to calculations based on irrigation coefficients, ion exchange coefficients, and sodium adsorption ratio, the purified domestic wastewater is suitable for irrigation and does not cause the risk of soil salinization (alkalinization). Thus, the purified domestic wastewater of Novaya Bukhtarma and Serebryansk is recommended to be considered as an alternative source for irrigation. At the same time, this solves environmental problems, such as reducing the volume of fresh water intake from natural sources and the possibility of wastewater disposal.

The Republican state institution "Yertis Ormany State Forest Natural Reserve" of the Russian State University of the Committee of Forestry and Wildlife of the Ministry of Ecology, Geology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan is located on the territory of the Lebyazhinsky and Shcherbaktinsky districts of the Pavlodar region and is divided into two branches Shaldaysky, Beskaragaysky and sixteen forestry districts – Galkinskoye, Baurtalskoye, Steppe, Seitenovskoye, Sadykashchinsky, Chushkalinsky, Shaldayskoye, Zavodskoye, Pervomayskoye, Maikaragayskoye, Taybagarskoye, Baimbetskoye, Beskaragayskoye, Kokterekskoye, Kokzhalskoye, Maraldinskoe.

The total area of the forest reserve is 277961 hectares, of which 143247 ha is the Shaldai branch, forestry: Galkinskoye – 12109ga, Baurtalskoye - 14977ga, Stepnoye – 16476ga, Seitenovskoye – 15640 ha, Sadykashchinskoye - 18571ga, Chushkalinsky - 13353ga, Shaldayskoye – 19550ga, Zavodskoye – 14715ga, Pervomayskoye - 17856ga and 134714 ha Beskaragai branch, forestry:Maikaragayskoye - 19785ga, Taybagarskoye– 17206ga, Baimbetskoye – 18315ga, Beskaragayskoye – 20933ga, Kokterekskoye - 16881ga, Kokzhalskoye – 24572, Maraldinsky – 17022ga.

The NSFR "Ertis Ormany" is part of the sandy-steppe forest area, which belongs to the province of the Irtysh-Ob pine and birch forests. [1]

The division of the territory of the forest reserve into functional zones was carried out in accordance with the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Specially Protected Natural Territories" dated July 15, 1997 No. 162-1. As a percentage of the total area of the forest reserve, 4 functional zones are allocated, which are distributed as follows by area:

1. The zone of the protected core – on the area of 22522ga;
2. Buffer zone – on an area of 16360ga;
3. The area of restoration of disturbed landscapes – on the area of 102215 ha;
4. The sustainable Development zone is located on an area of 136864 ha. [2]

This article discusses the rational use of agricultural land, taking into account structural and resource indicators for sustainable development. The effectiveness of land use in farms with different forms of land ownership depends on increasing labor productivity, strengthening the economy regime, increasing the intensification of production, using internal reserves and opportunities for agricultural production and, especially, rational use of land. The basis for the formation of sustainable land use should be strict observance of the established relationships between disturbed and undisturbed territories. Undisturbed territories should be considered as a stabilizing factor neutralizing anthropogenic impacts on the landscape. In this regard, the tasks of preserving productive agricultural land, optimizing arable land and acreage in terms of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of land are becoming a priority. The solution of these tasks is connected with the improvement of technologies for maintaining and increasing the bioproductivity of agricultural lands, the development of technologies for rational land management, land use and land protection, the creation of effective organizational and legal mechanisms for managing agricultural lands, as well as the development of state monitoring of agricultural lands. In order to approach the practice of determining the efficiency of land use, it is necessary to focus in more detail on its factors according to the selected functional subsystems and types of efficiency.

The article discusses the issues of rental land use for agricultural purposes, which is an integral part of the land turnover of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which ensures the effective redistribution of land between peasant and farm enterprises, as well as other entities engaged in the production and cultivation of agricultural products. The main components of the mechanism of economic interest of subjects of land lease relations are also analyzed, and ways of integrating this mechanism into the general system of managing the land and resource potential of agricultural producers are substantiated. However, as President K.K. noted. Tokayev in the Address of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, “the issue of inefficient use of land resources is becoming increasingly relevant.” He emphasized, “The land is our common wealth and should belong to those who work on it,” and it is necessary to “propose appropriate mechanisms.”[1]

Land, being a unique inexhaustible natural resource, is at the same time one of the significant economic assets in the property of the owner represented by the state.

The most effective form of involving free land in economic circulation is to lease it, in which the land serves as a long-term source of financing the state budget. The subject of lease in the corresponding segment of the real estate market in the Republic of Kazakhstan are land plots owned by state authorities and local governments. The latter have the appropriate powers to lease land plots with a special status - state ownership of which is not demarcated.

This article provides an overview of scientific articles by international researchers devoted to studying the effect of herbicides on weeds in forest nurseries and plantations. Manual weeding of seedlings and saplings consumes a significant portion of labor and material resources in forestry. The authors of these scientific articles suggest that the chemical method of weed control can reduce maintenance costs and increase wood yield in forest crops. Studies have shown that the use of chemical weeding can be safe for coniferous plants and humans, with herbicides decomposing quickly in the soil and causing minimal harm to soil and water resources. There are variations in herbicide names across different countries. In countries outside the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), glyphosate-based pesticides are prevalent. In contrast, Russia and Belarus utilize a wider range of herbicides depending on the specific region and soil and climatic conditions. This highlights the importance of developing regional application technologies for successful chemical use. Furthermore, it is crucial to consider not only the effectiveness of herbicides on weeds but also their selectivity towards planted materials of primary forest-forming species.

Preventing the entry and managing the numbers of alien species is the most important task in the system of principles for the conservation of biological diversity. This article reflects the relevance and importance of preserving biological diversity, reflects the importance of developing measures to reduce the damage caused by the introduction of alien species, reflects individual methods of combating alien fish species in world practice.

Complex control of alien aquatic organisms, combining several methods, often provides the most effective and acceptable control. Today, to preserve the quality of the environment, concerted efforts are required for effective and pragmatic management. The authorities and the public should remember and realize that the consequences of the invasion of alien aquatic organisms will lead to a significant loss of our own biological diversity and degradation of ecosystems.

There are a huge number of specific methods of dealing with alien aquatic organisms. Given the complex mechanism of the ecosystem, when choosing methods to combat alien aquatic organisms, one should be treated with extreme caution. To date, all methods and methods of combating alien aquatic organisms can be conditionally combined into three main groups: mechanical, biological and chemical. Which is the subject of this article.

The problem of effective water supply using natural energy resources of water in modern conditions is promising and relevant, the solution of which is rationally carried out from watercourses with the necessary standard sizes of a hydraulic ram pumping unit, the design of which has a novelty.

At the Kazakh National Agrarian Research University conducted applied research to improve the efficiency of water supply from watercourses in the system of irrigation of lands and irrigation of pastures of peasant and farm farms of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan through the development of an improved hydraulic ram pumping unit with an increase in its energy indicators: hydraulic shock pressure, supply, pressure and efficiency.

This article presents a calculation to substantiate the economic efficiency of the studies carried out on the use of the necessary standard sizes of an improved hydraulic ram pumping unit (NUV-7-12 and NUV-17-20) for water supply to peasant and farm farms of the Republic of Kazakhstan and irrigation of lands located in areas of adjacent watercourses, compared with basic pumping units (AN - 2K - 9 - M1 and ANS-60 D).

Thе аrtiсlе prеsеnts dаtа on thе rеsults of а study on thе hаrmfulnеss аnd sprеаd of thе hаwthorn lеаfworm in thе tеrritory of thе Ilе-Аlаtаu аnd Zhongаr-Аlаtаu Stаtе Nаtionаl Pаrks. It is worth noting thе nееd to study thе distribution аnd influеnсе of thе hаwthorn lеаfworm Сасoесiа сrаtаеgаnа Hb., sinсе this spесiеs саusеs signifiсаnt hаrm to thе Siеvеrs аpplе trее in thеsе tеrritoriеs. Thе mаin purposе of thе study is to idеntify thе dеgrее of dаmаgе to thе hаwthorn lеаfworm Сасoесiа сrаtаеgаnа Hb. to аpply а timеly сontrol mеаsurе аgаinst this pеst of thе Siеvеrs аpplе trее. Аs а rеsult of thе study, mаps of distribution аnd influеnсе wеrе сompilеd, аnd а hаrmfulnеss mаp wаs аlso prеpаrеd in thеsе tеrritoriеs. Аlso, а сompаrаtivе аnаlysis of thе Ilеy аnd Zhеtysu Аlаtаu wаs саrriеd out on dаmаgе to thе Sivеrs аpplе trее by thе hаwthorn lеаfworm in 2018, 2019 аnd 2023. In thе hаrmfulnеss mаp of thе hаwthorn lеаfworm, it is obsеrvеd thаt thе Siеvеrs аpplе trее in thе Аksаy forеstry of thе Аksаy brаnсh, thе Issyk forеstry of thе Issyk brаnсh is morе аffесtеd by thе hаwthorn lеаfworm сompаrеd with wild populаtions of аpplе trееs growing аt othеr monitoring sitеs.

The article presents data on the biological, ecological, anatomical features of galophytes of the Kazakhstan Aral Sea region, that is, the Kyzylorda region as a whole. On the basis of foreign and domestic scientific literature, a review of the necessary research was conducted, the relevance of the topic and research methods were revealed. Based on the data of scientific literature describing the flora of the region, and as a result of field work was identified the number of species of halophytes growing in the territory of Kyzylorda region. The germination and germination of halophyte seeds were analyzed. Agrotechnics of creation of phytomeliorative plantations on the dried Aral Sea bed by sowing seeds, in particular preparation, storage, terms of collection and seeding rates of seeds of two species of shrubs (Salsola Rishteri and Salsola Paletzkiana), five species of semi-shrubs (Salsola dendroides, Salsola orientalis, Нalocnemum strobilaceum, Halostachys caspica and Calligonum caput-medusae) were given. The scheme of sowing seeds of halophytic plants on the dried bottom of the Aral Sea is shown. In the course of the study to the first group of forest suitability it is recommended to sow Calligonum caput-medusae, to the second group of forest suitability - Salsola Paletzkiana and Salsola dendroides, to the 2-3 group of forest suitability it is recommended Salsola dendroides, Salsola Rishteri and Salsola orientalis, to the 3-4 group of forest suitability - Halostachys caspica and Нalocnemum strobilaceum.

The purpose of the scientific article is the implementation of an important part of the agricultural spatial data infrastructure, planning of the domestic economy using geographic information systems (GIS). Taking this direction into account, the work examines the following main elements of designing the domestic economy: location of settlements and economic centers; design of internal roads; placement of external engineering networks; use of types of land reclamation for agricultural purposes; allocation of land for the construction of roads of various categories of local importance; placement of agricultural machinery in land use; conduct a technical and economic analysis of the effective use of road junctions and reclamation works as an engineering structure, as well as systematize the engineering and geodetic process necessary to implement these studies based on GIS technologies. With the help of geographic information systems technologies, it will be necessary to determine the following directions of engineering and geodetic equipment of the territory: Information about road transport and roads, Roads in plan, longitudinal and horizontal profiles, Driving through bodies of water and bodies of water on the road, Road surfaces, Road surveys and design of agricultural roads, The basic principle of organizing the construction, maintenance and repair of agricultural roads.

The sharply continental nature of the climate of Kazakhstan with a deficit of precipitation is due to its significant remoteness from the oceans. According to the World Meteorological Organization (https://public.wmo.int/ru/media), the global average annual temperature in 2020 was 1.2 ° C higher than the pre-industrial period of 1850-1900. At the same time, according to experts, the last three decades in Kazakhstan have been the warmest in the history of meteorological observations, and the anomaly of the average annual air temperature averaged over the territory of the republic was + 1.92 ° C, thus 2020 took 1st place among the warmest years in the history of observations since 1941. The variability of the temperature of Kazakhstan is due to the large latitudinal extent and physical and geographical heterogeneity of the republic. Anomalies of average annual and seasonal air temperatures in summer in Almaty, Zhambyl, Turkestan, Kyzylorda, Atyrau and Mangistau regions have always been higher than averaged in other regions of the country. The sharply continental conditions of the listed regions determine the instability of meteorological values, which affects many sectors of the economy, especially agriculture. Therefore, knowledge of the trends of their changes allows choosing the optimal strategy for operational work and reducing losses associated with dangerous temperature changes, and in some cases making a tangible profit.

Heat supply using a heat pump belongs to the field of energy-saving, environmentally friendly technologies and is becoming increasingly widespread in the world. This technology, according to the conclusion of a number of authoritative international organizations, along with other energy-saving technologies (use of solar, wind energy, ocean energy, etc.), belongs to the technologies of the 21st century. The main heat costs for household needs in buildings during the cold season are heating costs. This is explained by the operating conditions of buildings during the cold season, when heat loss through the building envelope significantly exceeds internal heat release. Therefore, to maintain the required internal air temperature, buildings are equipped with heating units. During the cold season, to create and maintain thermal comfort in buildings, technically advanced and reliable heating installations are required.

The use of the proposed heat pump system will improve the efficiency of autonomous heat supply to decentralized and remote residential and industrial facilities, service enterprises. In addition, the proposed combination of heat pump units and renewable energy sources expands the resource base of the heat pump heating supply system, making it less dependent on fluctuations in ambient temperature, which is very important for increasing the level of reliability of heat pumps.

The results of an analysis of methods for processing poultry manure and the production of new products, as well as the quality of input and output products, are presented.

The indicators of the process of ultraviolet radiation and low-temperature pyrolysis of waste are given depending on the degree of heating and the temperature of biomass processing.

The results of analyzes of the processing of poultry manure are presented, which involves processing the manure with the process of ultraviolet radiation and low-temperature pyrolysis and the resulting biochar for the production of new complex products with mixing with a bioactive medium in liquid form

The parameters of the proposed intensive technology have been established, which consists in completely utilizing microorganisms in bird droppings by treatment with ultraviolet radiation for 6 - 8 minutes on a vibrating conveyor about 6 m long, as well as low-temperature pyrolysis for 6 - 8 minutes at a temperature of 250 - 3500C and the resulting biochar retaining the beneficial qualities of an activator of biochemical processes, followed by mixing with a bioactive medium for the production of complex products in liquid form.

Using complex organic fertilizer will make it possible to increase soil fertility up to 3 - 5 times, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 60%. Provides porosity, bulk density, aggregative stability, hydraulic conductivity, water retention ability and an increase in soil nutrient composition and microbial activity, ultimately leading to increased fertility.

In organic farming, one of the main factors reducing crop productivity is weeds. There are very few methods of weed control in organic farming. The authors of the article chose an integrated weed control method - selection of crops for cultivation, crop rotation and various methods of soil cultivation. Spring triticale was chosen as a crop for cultivation in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan. The studies were conducted at «Scientific-production center for grain farming named after A. I. Barayev» LLP from 2018 to 2023. Thanks to the integrated weed control method, it was possible to significantly reduce the number of weeds such as pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), Tatar buckwheat (Fagopirum tataricum L. Gaertn.), white goosefoot (Chenopodium album L.), field millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and field thistle (Cirsium arvense L.). The only weed whose numbers were poorly controlled was field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.), its number in the experiments increased every year from 8 pcs/m² (in 2018) to 13-20 pcs/m² (in 2023).

In the grain production system of Northern Kazakhstan, much attention is paid to primary tillage, while the results of scientific research on the effectiveness of early spring tillage in the region are insufficient. The paper presents the results of studying the effect of early spring soil harrowing, carried out by spring, needle and disc harrows on the preservation of soil moisture, the structural state and density of the surface soil layer, as well as the yield of spring wheat under autumn and stubble background. The research results showed that the use of early spring soil cultivation on an autumn background contributes to the preservation of soil moisture. The use of a disc harrow in the pre-sowing period made it possible to reduce soil moisture losses by 52%. The yield of spring wheat after using a disc harrow increased by 3 c/ha. Early spring cultivation ensured compaction of the seed layer by 0.1-0.15 g/cm3 and an increase in the content of agronomically valuable aggregates by 6.3-14.5%. The use of early spring tillage on a stubble background did not have a positive effect on the preservation of soil moisture and the yield of spring wheat.