No. 2-1 (special) (2024): Research, results

The article presents the results of a three-year study, the main goal of the work was to evaluate and select lentil varieties with high yields, suitable for mechanized harvesting - tall with high attachment of lower beans, ripening smoothly and not falling off, and also resistant to stress factors for use in breeding.  At the same time, the objectives of the study were to study lentil varieties in two agro-ecological zones: in semi-sufficient rainfed conditions and in irrigated conditions in the South-East of Kazakhstan, with the establishment of growing season terms; phenotyping of economically valuable traits and properties; determining the quality of lentil grain. The material used was lentil variety samples of various ecological and geographical origins (31 variety samples). They differed from each other in basic economically valuable traits and biological properties. Phenotyping of productivity elements was carried out using the method of studying a collection of leguminous crops. Biochemical analysis determined the protein content in lentil grains. The authors of this article identified varieties with high yield and high protein content, which are of interest for breeding. All selected varieties will be used in the breeding process in order to create high-yielding, high-quality, drought-resistant varieties.

The results of the height of peas, the number of beans from the plant, the weight from the plant, the weight of 1000 pea seeds, depending on the application of various cultivation technologies and doses of fertilizers are presented. The research was carried out on irrigated land (the station of the Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture and Crop Production). In our research, we have studied the following agrotechnical methods:

1) The seeding rate (factor A) is 600,700,800.

2) Seeding scheme (factor B) - row spacing of 15 cm, row spacing of 30 cm.

3) The rate of application of mineral fertilizers (factor C) is NPK30, NPK60, NPK80.

The article presents the results of a study of pea varieties according to economically valuable characteristics in irrigation in the South-East of Kazakhstan. Peas are among the most valuable food leguminous crops, grown mainly on grain, which consists of more than a third of protein. The purpose of this work is to study and improve the quality of products. The article used varieties of peas Aksari and Zhasylai.

The article presents the results of studies of chickpea varieties on yield and grain quality in two arable land backgrounds (semi-secure and hard rain-fed)in the South-East of Kazakhstan. Chickpeas are among the most valuable food leguminous crops, grown mainly on grain, which consists of more than a third of protein. The purpose of this work is to study and isolate the initial forms for breeding, creating new highly productive varieties with good product quality. The authors of this article have identified cultivars with high yield and high protein content, which are of interest for breeding the following cultivars of semi-secured rain-fed: D-9913 (13.2 c/ha-25.4%), D-9901 (13.2 c/ha-25.0%), D-9904 (17.2 c/ha-25.4%), D-9905 (17.2 c/ha-26.3%), D-9914 (17.3 c/ha-27.1), D-9934 (12.3 c/ha-25.4%), D-9939 (13.3 c/ha-25.5%), D-9945 (14.2 c/ha-26.0%), D-9950 (15.2 c/ha-25.2%), D-9917 (15.5 c/ha-25.1), D-9910 (17.3 c/ha-26.7) in conditions of severe rain-fed: D-9918 (10.2 c/ha-25.2%), D-9913 (9.6 c/ha-25.0%), D9914 (12.3 c/ha-26.5%), D9905 (10.2 c/ha-25.4%), D-9910 (10.6 c/ha-26.3%), D-9945 (8.8c/ha-26.1%), D9939 (8.2 c/ha-25.2%), D-9948 (8.5 c/ha-26.3%), D-9917 (9.5 c/ha-25.1%), D-9950 (7.6c/ha-25.0%). These samples can be used in crossbreeding to enhance other economically valuable signs and properties (creation of high grain weight, large-seeding, resistance to diseases and pests, etc.) in conditions of harsh weather.

Preservation of the genetic diversity of cultivated varieties and hybrids of agricultural crops is one of the most important tasks of agricultural science, contributing to the stable production of crop products. One possible source of valuable traits is landraces still cultivated in different eco-geographical conditions. They represent an untouched reserve of diversity, sources of resistance to unfavorable growing conditions, and properties that improve the quality of plant products.

The article presents the results of studies the Western Pamirs (Tajikistan, Afghanistan) 9 landraces on protein and molecular markers associated with the quality of grain and wheat flour.

The method of the seeds storage protein - gliadin electrophoresis revealed the specificity of all varieties, with the exception of Sadirak belokolosy and Sadirak krasnokolosy, which were identical on protein spectrum.

Analysis of the composition of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMWGS) showed that all analyzed varieties had a null-c allele of the Glu-A1 locus, with the exception of the varieties Safedax Ishkashimsky and Bludon. All landraces carried the b allele of the Glu-B1 locus, responsible for the biosynthesis of HMWGS 7+8. According to the composition of HMWGSs controlled by the Glu-D1 locus, all samples had the subunit pair 2+12 (allele a of this locus).

Molecular (DNA) markers confirmed the HMWGS composition of the studied varieties, which were identified by protein electrophoresis.

The varieties Safedak Ishkashimsky and Bludon have the highest quality rating for glutenin composition.

PCR analysis revealed alleles Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1a (wild type), characteristic of soft grain wheat, in all landraces.

Genotyping of landraces according to the allelic composition of waxy genes did not reveal carriers of mutant, null alleles, all landraces were characterized by a typical ratio of two starch fractions.

The article presents the data obtained as a result of research conducted in 2022-2023 in the conditions of LLP "Karabalykskaya SHOS". A comparative assessment of collectible samples of spring soft wheat of various geographical origin was carried out on the basis of yield, plant height and ear length. Of the 116 studied samples, 20 promising varieties were identified in comparison with the standard variety of the local selection Fantasia. During the study, varieties that exceeded the standard in terms of yield were identified: Pamyati Azieva (737.5 g/m2), Stepnaya 253 (585 g/m2), BEYAZ AMERIKAN (620 g/m2) and SAFEDAKI RAZUCH (707 g/m2). When considering the plant height indicator, short-stemmed varieties were identified: KAS 6-2014 (56.5 cm), GEREK2 (57.5 cm), GEREK1 (58.5 cm), SAFEDAKI ISHKOSHIMI1 (58.5 cm), SAFEDAKI ISHKOSHIMI2 (58.5 cm), KAS 13-2014 (60.5 cm), SPChS 69 (62 cm), KAS 17-2014 (62.5 cm), KIRIK (65.5 cm), SAFEDAK (66 cm).

According to the ear length parameter, the following samples were selected: KIRIK (11 cm), Stepnaya 253 (9.5 cm), KAS 13-2014 (9.25 cm), which exceeded the indicators of the standard Fantasy variety (9 cm). As a result of the conducted research, recommendations were made on the use of these samples as initial forms in the further breeding process.

Preservation of the genetic diversity of cultivated varieties and hybrids of agricultural crops is one of the most important tasks of agricultural science, contributing to the stable production of crop products. One possible source of valuable traits is landraces still cultivated in different eco-geographical conditions. They represent an untouched reserve of diversity, sources of resistance to unfavorable growing conditions, and properties that improve the quality of plant products.

The article presents the results of studies the Western Pamirs (Tajikistan, Afghanistan) 9 landraces on protein and molecular markers associated with the quality of grain and wheat flour.

The method of the seeds storage protein - gliadin electrophoresis revealed the specificity of all varieties, with the exception of Sadirak belokolosy and Sadirak krasnokolosy, which were identical on protein spectrum.

Analysis of the composition of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMWGS) showed that all analyzed varieties had a null-c allele of the Glu-A1 locus, with the exception of the varieties Safedax Ishkashimsky and Bludon. All landraces carried the b allele of the Glu-B1 locus, responsible for the biosynthesis of HMWGS 7+8. According to the composition of HMWGSs controlled by the Glu-D1 locus, all samples had the subunit pair 2+12 (allele a of this locus).

Molecular (DNA) markers confirmed the HMWGS composition of the studied varieties, which were identified by protein electrophoresis.

The varieties Safedak Ishkashimsky and Bludon have the highest quality rating for glutenin composition.

PCR analysis revealed alleles Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1a (wild type), characteristic of soft grain wheat, in all landraces.

Genotyping of landraces according to the allelic composition of waxy genes did not reveal carriers of mutant, null alleles, all landraces were characterized by a typical ratio of two starch fractions.

In winter wheat crops, the most dangerous common fungal pathogens are yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici), brown rust (Puccinia triticina f. sp. tritici), bunt (Tilletia tritici), etc. These pathogens affect all above-ground organs plants, which leads to decreased seed quality and loss of yield. The causative agents of leaf-stem diseases are highly epiphytotytic. It is known that races of rust pathogens evolve and new aggressive pathotypes appear. As a result, cultivated, previously resistant varieties become susceptible to diseases. In this regard, the constant study of the pathogen population and the search for effective sources of resistance remains relevant.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate and select resistant winter wheat genotypes for selection for immunity. Under conditions of an artificially infectious background, we conducted immunological studies at the experimental base of the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing (N43.238193° E76.696753°). The article presents the results of research work on the study of resistance of winter wheat varieties. Genotypes were screened for resistance to types of rust and smut in the conditions of south-east Kazakhstan. Variations in immunological characteristics among varieties were analyzed.

A comprehensive assessment of the collection samples based on such agronomic characteristics as productivity, sugar content, sugar collection, resistance to major diseases allowed us to identify valuable source material for involvement in breeding programs. As a result of the study of the breeding material, a comparative assessment of the morphological characteristics of 15 MS components and 10 heterotic pollinators was carried out to determine the most influential plant characteristics on productivity.

It was found that the studied materials differ in the nature of variability of the main elements of productivity (shape, weight of the root crop, sugar content, disease resistance, etc.). The 5 best numbers were selected from the studied MS yield numbers (2076, 2084, 2172, 2190, 2192), according to sugar content, there are 4 numbers (2084, 2174, 2076, 2190).

As a result of the conducted research, it was revealed that in the breeding numbers of sugar beet there are plants with different leaf blades and petiole lengths. The leaves are found, both smooth and corrugated to varying degrees, dark and light green, with a different number of leaves, spreading and erect, high and low. In O-type pollinators, the number of spreading plants has a high positive dependence on productive indicators. The number of tall plants in the room is responsible for higher yields and sugar content. Plants with a large leaf blade among MS lines have lower yields, but increased sugar content. During the growing season and harvesting of beets, plants were selected according to the morphological characteristics of the leaf apparatus, the shape of the rosette and the root crop in the amount of 50-60% of the total number of plants in the plot, depending on the presence of desirable biotypes.

In 2021, the area of soybean crops in the Republic of Kazakhstan was 113.3 thousand hectares, and in 2022 - 128.0 thousand hectares with a gross grain yield of 250.4 thousand tonnes. In recent years, the share of domestic varieties in soybean crops in the country ranged from 55 to 65%. The leader in terms of soybean acreage is Almaty region, where 83.6 % of soybean acreage (94.7 thousand hectares) is concentrated; followed by Kostanay region - 7.7 % (8.8 thousand hectares); East Kazakhstan region - 5 % (5.6 thousand hectares); North Kazakhstan region - 2.8 % (3.2 thousand hectares); Turkestan region - 0.1 % (0.2-0.3 thousand hectares); and other regions.

Over the years of breeding work in the Kazakh research institute of agriculture and plant growing 34 varieties of soybean have been created, of which 22 varieties are allowed for use. Breeding work of this crop is aimed at creating varieties of a wide range of ripeness groups for introduction in different regions of the country. The direction of breeding work covers such important features as productivity, quality, drought resistance, salt tolerance, photoperiod sensitivity. Modern soybean varieties have a potential yield of 48 - 52 kg/ha, with protein content not lower than 40 % and oil content not lower than 20 %.

В статье представлены результаты проявления и изучения люцерны в коллекционном питомнике по основным селекционно-ценным признакам: облиственности, болезням,       продуктивности зеленой массы и семян, а также химическом составе и питательности. 

Целью исследований является выделение перспективных для селекции коллекционных сортообразцов от двух видов люцерны изменчивой (М.varia Mart.)  и посевной (Medicago sativa L.).

В исследованиях применялись полевые и лабораторные методы. Закладка питомников, оценка хозяйственно-ценных признаков и учеты продуктивности проводились согласно методикам ВИР им. Н.И. Вавилова, ВНИИ кормов им. В.Р. Вильямса, Государственного сортоиспытания сельскохозяйственных культур РК. В лабораторных условиях проводилась комплексная оценка коллекционного материала на химический состав кормов.

Опыты были заложены на стационаре ТОО «Казахский научно исследовательский институт земледелия и растениеводства». К изучению было привлечено 134 сортообразца люцерны, посевной (М. sativa L.) и изменчивой люцерны (М. varia Mart.) отечественной и зарубежной селекции из 18 стран мира.

В результате были выделены продуктивные образцы по высоте растений: из Италии (к-5677), России (к-31885), Казахстана (к-6021), по  облиственности из  России (к-45479),  Казахстана (к-61324),  Италии (к-5677),  комплексной устойчивостью к болезням (желтая листовая пятнистость, бурая листовая пятнистость, ржавчина) образцы из Киргизии (к-6238), из Узбекистана (к-21634), из Италии (к-5975).

По урожаю зеленой массы в среднем за три года были   выделены образцы: из Узбекистана (к-267), Франции (к-315), Украины (к-454). По урожайности семян самый высокий показатель был у образца из Франции (к-315). Содержание сырого протеина было выше отмечено во втором укосе высокими показателями отличились образцы из Казахстана (к-246) – 22,6 %, из России (к-322) – 22,3 %.

The article presents field studies on the selection of the most suitable crops for basic and crop cultivation under irrigation conditions in the south-east of Kazakhstan. As a result of the study, the most suitable crops for sowing the main and intermediate crops were determined, the optimal timing and methods of sowing intermediate crop crops were determined. The levels of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere on cover crops have been determined. In the conditions of light chestnut soils in the south-east of Kazakhstan, the formation of a crop of cover crops largely depends on both the applied agricultural technology and the conditions of the year of cultivation. Oilseed flax and buckwheat provided a guaranteed harvest of marketable products when sown after winter wheat. The yield of winter wheat was 70-80 kg/ha.

Over the years of research, crop cultivation of oilseed flax has provided guaranteed yields in the range of 8.1-14.6 c/ha in 2021 and 7.4-10.2 c/ha in 2022, depending on the studied experience options. The cultivation of buckwheat in crop sowing after winter wheat provides a fairly good seed harvest. The yield of crop buckwheat, depending on the methods of sowing and cultivation technologies, varied in 2021 5.2-12.3 and in 2022 9.4-15.3 c/ha. Higher yields of buckwheat seeds are provided with ordinary sowing using traditional technology with dump plowing after winter wheat.

According to the formation of green mass, sorghum crop crops are distinguished, where the yield on variants with zero cultivation technology reached 640.8 c/ha for ordinary sowing and 354.2 c/ha for wide-row sowing, corn yield for silage 350-400 c/ha, reduction of irrigation water consumption by 30-40%, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 and N2O) into the atmosphere 2.5-3 times, the profitability of production is 240-250%.

The article presents three-year test results (2021-2023) of 500 collectible safflower varieties of various ecological and geographical origin (Kazakhstan, Russia, Canada, India, Hungary, Mexico, Tunisia, China, Ukraine, USA, Uzbekistan) the experience was laid on typical light chestnut soils of southeastern Kazakhstan.

The highest yielding were 3 varieties: K-584 (18.7 c/ha), 13N046 (17.9 c/ha), RS184 (17.6 c/ha). With the yield of the standard variety Center 70 - 14.2 c/ha, where the excess over the standard was 20%.

According to the biochemical composition, 7 varieties were identified with a protein content in seeds from 40.0 to 41.8%: K-441, K-504, K-517, PC 184, PC 186, K-580 and R1537662 (38% of the standard).

In terms of oil content in the seeds, 3 varieties were distinguished: K-504, RS184, R1537662 from 19.7 to 20.3%, (18.0% for the standard).

Key words: safflower, samples of varieties, structural analysis, yield, productivity and quality, breeding nursery.

The results of studying maize varieties in field and laboratory experiments are presented. By creating new self-pollinated lines, hereditary improvement of maize in terms of economically valuable plant and cob traits was achieved. By crossing lines, hybrids with high productivity and grain quality were obtained. The originality lies in the fact that the source material with valuable traits for use in breeding has been studied in many years of research. To study the qualitative composition of maize grain, the content of protein, fat and starch was determined. When studying biochemical parameters, samples were identified that have a fat content from 3.1 to 5.6%, protein from 12.0 to 14.8%, starch from 66.0 to 70.7%. To conduct a biochemical assessment, 20 self-pollinated lines of maize were studied for cold resistance by germinating seeds in a thermostat. According to the results of the RWC assessment, 7 lines were classified as cold-resistant lines: A 6696, A 6720, A 6877, A 6917, A 6940, A 7068, A 7072. As a result, based on the study of economically valuable traits and physiological and biochemical indicators of the starting material, hybrids were obtained maize of the early-ripening and late-ripening ripeness groups, which showed high productivity and adaptability to changed weather and climatic conditions and the source material was selected for further breeding work. As a result, based on the study of economically valuable traits and physiological and biochemical indicators of the source material, corn hybrids of the early-ripening and late-ripening ripeness groups were obtained, which showed high productivity and adaptability to changed weather and climatic conditions, and the source material was selected for further breeding work. The excess grain yield for early ripening corn hybrids in comparison with the Tselinny 160 SV standard (82.6 c/ha) is 4.1 - 17.4 c/ha, or 4.9 - 21.1% as a percentage. 

To obtain a high and stable yield of corn for grain in organic farming, environmentally sound and economically feasible crop cultivation technologies are needed. The use of organic fertilizers and biostimulants for plant development is a promising way to solve many problems of modern agriculture. The use of biological preparations based on beneficial microorganisms, bacteria, phytohormones, as well as organic fertilizers with a complex of natural macro and micro elements on corn crops promotes yield growth, ensures high plant resistance to adverse environmental conditions. The article presents the results of research on the effect of biofertilizers and biostimulants on the productivity of grain corn in organic farming. The use of biological products in corn crops contributed to an increase in yield and ensured high plant resistance to adverse environmental conditions. The results of our experiments showed that the increase in yield compared to the control was significant for all variants of the experiment. It was found that the best biopreparation with a stimulating effect is Extrasol with an ear yield of 72.78 c/ha compared with the control variant, with an increase in yield by 25.2 c/ha.

A series of morphologically marked synthetic lines of winter soft wheat was obtained. Structural analysis of synthetic lines showed that the lines differed significantly in productivity elements (number and weight of grains per plant, weight of 1000 grains) from the standard variety and from other synthetic lines. Along with this, resistance to diseases (brown, stem and yellow rust, dusty and smut). The selected synthetic lines were distinguished by their resistance to the indicated and other diseases. This quality allows them to be used as source material in the process of hybridization, as well as for transfer to the State Commission of the Republic of Kazakhstan as a new variety. The article reflects the results of long-term work on remote hybridization of wheat to create new forms of wheat for the conditions of Kazakhstan, which have valuable biological signs and properties, qualities and economically useful signs, through interspecific and intergenerational hybridization with Triticum aestivum L, with Aegilops Cylindrica Host, Aegilops triaristata Willd, Triticum timopheevi, T.Kiharae, T.militinae and zoned local and foreign varieties. These synthetic interspecific and intergenerational hybrids interbreed well with each other, as well as with varieties of hexaploid and tetraploid wheat and secondary triticales.

The results of scientific research on the selection and seed production of peas in the conditions of southeastern Kazakhstan are presented. 113 varieties of the collection nursery were studied, the source material for the selection of pairs for crossing was isolated. In the pea variety samples we studied, the correlation between the main structural elements showed that a close relationship is observed between such parameters as plant height - the number of productive nodes (r = + 0.51), the number of productive nodes - the number of beans from the plant (r = + 0.88) and the negative relationship between the growing season and the number of productive nodes (r = -0.16).

Pea research at KazRIAP LLP is carried out according to the full selection scheme (hybrid population F1- Fn, BN1-BN2, CN, Com.N). Over the years of research in the laboratory of leguminous crops, new lines, numbers and varieties of peas have been created that are adaptive to local conditions in terms of early ripeness and average ripeness, cold resistance, resistant to diseases and pests, high-yielding and with good quality.

We provide data on the study of economically valuable signs and properties of collectible varieties of peas attracted to hybridization in order to achieve the goal of the tasks.

As a result of theoretical studies and the obtained selection parameters, models of new varieties of peas for southeastern Kazakhstan were developed.

To obtain high and stable soybean yields, environmentally sound and cost-effective crop cultivation technologies are needed. The use of biostimulants and bioorganic fertilizers for plant growth and productivity is a method of solving many problems of modern organic farming. The use of biostimulants and biofertilizers in soybean crops will promote crop growth and ensure high plant resistance to adverse environmental conditions. The results of the field experiment showed that the growth and productivity of plants in all variants of the experimental study increased compared with the control, its growth with a high index (up to 5 cm) was observed in the variant of seed treatment with biostimulants (Extrasol, Bisolbisan). We found that biostimulants (Extrasol, Bisolbisan) and bioorganic fertilizers (Organit-R, Organit-N, Biosok, Yara BioNUE) had a significant impact on the increase in the weight of 1000 soybean seeds and amounted to 156.34 g, 150.29 g, 148.09 g, 148.08 g, respectively. The weight of 1000 soybean seeds increased by 18.82-10.56 g compared to the control, which is a reliable increase. When processing crops with biostimulants bisolbisan (2 l/ha) and extrasol (2 l/ha), soybean yields were 58.6 and 51.2 c/ha, soybean yields were 20.5 c/ha (35%) and 13.2 (25.7%), respectively. Soybean yield indicators indicate the effectiveness of the use of bioorganic fertilizers and biostimulators for the growth and yield of this crop.

Vernalization and photoperiod sensitivity genes play an important role in geographical adaptation, affect cultivar’s agronomical traits and yield potential. Therefore, understanding the distribution and allelic variation of these genes in the germplasm is crucial for any wheat and triticale selection program. Our laboratory has conducted survey of 86 spring triticale cultivars for the photoperiod sensitivity (Ppd-B1) and vernalization (Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1 and Vrn-B3) genes using molecular markers. Dominant Vrn-A1 allele was found in 50% of the spring triticale cultivars, and the dominant Vrn-B1 allele in 53.4% of the cultivars. Dominant allele of the Vrn-B3 gene has not been found among the collection cultivars, every sample contained only the recessive allele of the gene. A total of 25 cultivars carrying dominant alleles of both the Vrn-A1 and the Vrn-B1 loci were identified in the collection. Identification of the collection cultivars by Ppd-B1 gene showed that all samples are carrying the photoperiod-sensitive recessive allele Ppd-B1b. It was established that in conditions of the southeast of Kazakhstan samples that carried the dominant Vrn-B1 and the recessive Vrn-A1 alleles had a higher rate of development. Three cultivars (Cheetah, Whale, Fahad 8-2*2// PTP U 3878) with the highest rate of development were selected for breeding as sources of early ripening. Data on the allelic variation of vernalization and photoperiod sensitivity genes in collection germplasm will enable proper planning and integration of molecular markers into the triticale selection programs. This data would be useful for development of elite triticale cultivars, carrying desirable alleles of vernalization and photoperiod sensitivity genes, with higher yield potential and better grain quality, suitable for a wide range of growing conditions.

For the rational use of the lands of the south-east of Kazakhstan, the influence of various methods of tillage on its water-physical properties has been studied. The reserves of productive moisture in the soil were on average in the range of 103.3-134.1 mm for all studied crops. Due to a decrease in precipitation, due to evaporation and transpiration, by the harvest period, productive moisture reserves decreased in all variants: 18.9-27.5 mm during plowing; 22.9 - 26.9 mm during minimal treatment; 24.3–31.6 mm during zero treatment, while the amount of moisture reserves was higher with zero and minimal tillage.  The study of the dynamics of nutrition elements in experiments showed that during the germination period of the studied crops, a low accumulation of nitrate nitrogen was observed in the soil – an average of 25-29 mg/kg. At the end of the growing season of the studied crops, its content in the soil decreased to 17-22 mg/kg, minimum treatment to 13-27 mg/kg, zero treatment to 15-26 mg/kg. The content of mobile phosphorus in the soil in the spring ranged from medium to high 26-44 mg/kg. By the end of the growing season of the studied crops, its content in the soil decreased and remained in the specified supply group. The content of exchangeable potassium ranged from 307-448 mg/kg, which indicated medium and high levels of content. According to the research results, it was found that among the studied crops, the grain yield of the spring barley variety Symbat was in the range of 10.8-32.9 quintals per hectare, that is, for all the years of research, the highest yield was observed in the variant of minimal processing. According to the research results, the significant influence of the meteorological conditions of the year has been confirmed.

For the rational use of rain-fed lands in the south-east of Kazakhstan, the influence of different methods of tillage on its water-physical properties of the soil has been studied. The reserve of productive moisture in the soil for an average of three years in spring, when plowing by 20-22 cm, amounted to 115.9-139.1 mm for all studied crops, 126.2–158.1 mm with minimal treatment by 8-10 cm, 118.2–161.5 mm with zero treatment. Due to the insignificant amount of precipitation in early July, by harvest, there was a decrease in productive moisture reserves for all soil treatments and studied crops due to evaporation and transpiration by plants and amounted to 12.3-22.5 mm when plowing by 20-22 cm, 11.6-28.3 mm with minimal treatment by 8-10 cm, 9.6-27.9 mm with zero treatment.  The soil density for the studied crops in the arable soil layer of 0-30 cm showed its significant variation in soil cultivation methods, in spring it was in a loose and slightly compacted state of 1.17-1.21 g/cm3, and during harvesting it increased and became dense 1.28-1.32 g/cm3, especially with zero tillage. The highest yield on average over three years of research with minimal tillage on barley crops was 25.3 c/ha, and the lowest grain yield was noted when plowing on Sudanese grass crops was 6.6 c/ha, and on minimum and zero tillage 7.3 and 9.0 c/ha, respectively. As a result of three-year studies, it was shown that high grain yields were achieved with minimal tillage for spring barley, peas and safflower, and for Sudanese grass with zero tillage.

The influence of various methods of soil cultivation on the water-physical and agrochemical properties of the soil for the rational use of land in the south-east of Kazakhstan was studied. The density of the soil 0-30 CM increased to a medium compacted state by the traditional method of processing before the period of harvesting the studied crops (1.28-1.29 g/cm3), slightly higher – in minimal (1.30-1.31 g/cm3), maximum zero (1.32-1.33 g / cm3) processing methods. Due to the deficit in the amount of precipitation in the summer season, it was observed that the decrease in productive moisture reserves in the soil before the start of harvesting is 15.9-34.5 mm with traditional tillage, 20.7-36.7 mm with minimal tillage, and 29.8-54.8 mm with zero tillage. The content of nitrate nitrogen in the soil decreased from the initial state to the stage of harvesting cultivated crops, and with zero tillage there was a significant decrease. A long rainy period, accompanied by a decrease in relative air humidity, soil moisture and an increase in temperature, affected the physiology of plants and the productivity of the crops that were subsequently studied. The average maximum yield for the studied crops is 17,6 c/ha in the version with minimal processing. Based on the two-factor analysis of ANOVA on the formation of grain yields, depending on the year of the study, the share of soil processing methods ranged from 0.73-2.89%, to 83.3-93.8%. The formation of a grain crop largely depended on the methods of processing under study, and the dependence was only growing, which is due to the climatic conditions during the seasonal period of the studied crops. Zero tillage in the conditions of the south-east of Kazakhstan leads to a significant reduction in nitrate nitrogen compared to traditional and minimal tillage. 

Annotation. During the period 1934-2024 (90 years), soil scientists of the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Crop Production conducted in-depth and detailed morphological, agrochemical, biological, physico-chemical, physical and microbiological studies to establish the qualitative state of the country's land fund in order to use them effectively in agricultural production. Soil maps of the republic have been compiled, the areas of arable soils have been determined in terms of their further development. Natural and agricultural zoning of the land fund, agricultural production grouping and classification of lands for their effective use have been carried out. The parameters of changes in the main elements of soil fertility depending on the application of different methods of tillage, various crop rotations, organic and mineral fertilizers are determined. Soil degradation, deterioration of their agrophysical condition, decrease in nutrient content and water regime on soils prone to erosion have been revealed. Anti-erosion and reclamation measures have been developed to protect soils from water erosion. The number of microorganisms under various agricultural crops and their activities have been determined. An agroecological assessment and typology of the lands of regions, districts and individual farms have been carried out to develop adaptive landscape farming systems. Soil, landscape, geomorphological and other various maps of the regions of the republic have been created.

The aim of the research is to optimize the mineral nutrition of the studied field crops through the use of mineral fertilizers to increase the yield and quality of seeds on light chestnut soil in the south-east of Kazakhstan. 

The object of research is the foothill–steppe light chestnut rain-fed soil of the sloping agricultural landscape of the Ili Alatau, located on the land use territory of KazRIAPG.

On light chestnut rain-fed soil in the zone of insufficient moisture during the cultivation of safflower, oilseed flax and spring barley, it was revealed that the maximum content of productive moisture in a meter-long soil layer during the growing season of cultivated crops at all times of determination on the sowing variant without the use of basic treatment was 61.0-220.8 mm. In safflower and oilseed flax crops with shallow flat-cut processing and without the use of tillage, the soil density was higher, compared with plowing, by 0.01-0.03 g/cm³ and 0.03-0.05 g/cm³, in the field of spring barley by 0.01-0.03 g/cm³ and 0.04-0.05 g/cm³, respectively. By the time of harvesting safflower, oilseed flax and spring barley, the soil density increased during plowing to 1.28-1.30 g/cm³ of a medium compacted state, flat–cut processing - 1.30-1.31 g/cm³ of medium and strong addition, in the variant without tillage – 1.32-1.33 g/cm³ of a strongly compacted state. The highest yield of safflower of the Nika 80 variety, oilseed flax Karabalyksky 7, spring barley Symbat was noted when using shallow flat-cut tillage with mineral fertilizers in the norm N₆₀P₆₀K₃₀ and amounted to 0.97 t/ha, 0.52 t/ha, 1.67 t/ha, respectively.

The article presents the results of assessing the resistance of varieties and samples of spring hard and winter soft wheat to two or three rust spices. Currently, due to climate change in Kazakhstan, stem, leaf and yellow rust are strongly developing on spring and winter wheat crops, and many varieties allowed in the country are affected by these diseases. Nevertheless, among the collection materials there are varieties and samples showing simultaneous resistance to rust spices. Some of them contain Sr, Lr, and Yr resistance genes.

To determine the resistance of wheat varieties and samples to certain races of stem, leaf and yellow rust, studies were conducted in a greenhouse. Four samples of winter soft wheat showed group resistance to common races of three rust spices. Individual varieties and samples of durum and soft wheat were resistant to the races of two spices of pathogen. Currently, the selected samples are being tested in various breeding nurseries for selection according to other economically valuable characteristics. The best samples are used in hybridization in order to breed new varieties.

For the development and rational use of mountainous areas in the south-east of Kazakhstan, two options for the preparation of only 20-22 CM of clothing and zero processing of the first places and spring barley were studied. In the course of the study, it was found that the use of zero treatments for the formation of the ideal aggregate composition of the arable layer for spring wheat and spring barley was allowed, and the first 19.3-21.8% in terms of the composition of water pipe aggregates was the most in zero versions, which is due to the incorrect water permeability of the first structures and The tendency to increase the level of optimal density of substances in zero working volumes from a loose, slightly compacted composition of 1.19-1.23 g/cm3 to a density of 1.32-1.39 g/cm3, especially in zero working volumes, has been partially preserved. The yield of spring wheat and spring barley grain is within 28.4-38.9 C/ha for a boiled crop, spring barley of the Simbat Variety, the high yield of spring barley is a promising number when plowing 20-22 CM, and zero processing is only 2.5 and 1.5 c/ha. Based on the two-factor analysis of ANOVA, the share of varieties in the formation of productive grain of spring wheat and spring barley depended on the year of study and was within 40.9-62.2%, and the share of participation in development methods was 22.4-32.2%. The formation of productivity largely depended on the studied crops and varieties, attendance only increased over the years, which depends on the weather conditions during the growing season of the studied crops.

Weather anomalies of recent years show that in Kazakhstan, special attention should be paid to increasing plant tolerance to temperature stress. The article provides information on changes in weather and climatic conditions in the winter-growing regions of Kazakhstan. In the Almaty region, in 2021-2023, an increase in air temperature during the growing season was noted by 1.73-2.60 °C compared to the average annual data. In the region, during the vegetation period, there is a decrease in precipitation and rainfall is uneven. The main indicators of drought tolerance in modern varieties of winter wheat and methods of their study are shown. Based on the literature data and our own research, the influence of the parameters of the flag leaf (length, width, area), leaf rolling during drought, slowing down the aging of "Stay-green" plants, drooping and waxy coating of plants on the drought tolerance of winter wheat has been established. Winter wheat varieties were evaluated according to productivity indicators in conditions of natural drought. It was noted that due to the warming of the climate in the region, it is necessary to continue research on the drought tolerance of winter wheat on the signs of bushiness, vegetation period, plant height, length of the upper internode of the stem, area of the flag leaf, twisting of leaves, wax coating, as well as on the NDVI index of plants during drought.

Since 1989, expeditionary collections have been held in the West Kazakhstan region to form the gene pool at the Ural Agricultural Experimental Station. Currently, the collection of wheatgras includes more than 500 accessions.

250 wild-growing accessions were assessed according to the main economically valuable traits, accessions with high adaptation to the steppe conditions were selected. Based on the traits: foliage, growth power, accessions of the broad-spike species were identified: K-6472, K-6995 (Burlin district); K-5333 (Chapaev district); K-7108, K-7107 (Terekty district); K-6225, K-6176, K-6195 (Zelenov district) of the West Kazakhstan region.

Analysis of experimental materials showed that in terms of productive characteristics, such as the yield of green and dry mass, 20 wheatgrass accessions were superior to the standard: 12 wild-growing accessions of broad-spike grass, 5 desert grass accessions, 3 of Siberian grass. The isolated wheatgrass accessions exceed the standard in terms of green mass yield by 13-28%, and dry mass by 5-20%. Accessions of the Siberian type of granary are inferior to them. In the collection nursery of 2021, the best accessions were K-6164 from the Bayterek district, K-5285 from the Chapaev district, K-6486 from the Burlin district, K-4793 from the Taskala district, K-3120 from the Taipak district. According to the results of long-term studies on the yield of green mass, they significantly exceeded the standard by 10-58%, dry weight by 10-62%. In terms of seed productivity, accessions K-6995, K-7061, K-6583, K-4420 from Burlin district and K-6901 from Chapaev district significantly exceeded the standard. In the future, they will be transferred as sources of high seed yields adapted to the arid conditions of Kazakhstan. In the process of many years of studying the genetic material of wheatgrass, genetic sources of valuable traits and properties have been identified, which will undoubtedly be valuable source material for modeling new varieties.

Plants genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA) is an extremely valuable source of potentially useful genes necessary for farmers and breeders to receive more productive varieties, which would be as little as possible on the dominant elements and accidents to solve probable problems caused by climate change. Agriculture requires more stable varieties that can better adapt to environmental conditions.

The PGRFA collections are the key to the creation of such varieties. The mobilization of plant resources is among the most important tasks of creating modern stable agriculture in the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a vital component of the national agricultural studies in the PGRFA promoting the rapid tributary of new varieties of agricultural crops into the seed system.

The article provides an analysis of the current state of the direction to mobilize the PGRFA to the SRI of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2021-2023. The targeted expeditionary collection served as a source of replenishment and expansion of the of the Republic of Kazakhstan fodder crops valuable gene pool. When collecting collection accessions, the goals and objectives of domestic breeding were taken into account.

The article presents the results of research on identifying new sources of economically valuable traits for breeding and creating a new variety of spring soft wheat for the conditions of the south and southeast of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The object of the study was 19 promising breeding lines of spring soft wheat from the competitive variety testing (CVT) nursery. As a result of the research, new sources of yield, product quality, resistance to diseases and drought have been identified. They can serve as a new source material for wheat breeding.

          The breeding line Lutescens 630 (Kazakhstanskaya 10 x Kazakhstanskaya 17) as a new variety was transferred to the State Commission for Variety Testing of Agricultural Crops (GKSISK) under the name Bolashak and in 2023 approved for use in the conditions of Almaty and Zhetysu regions. The variety is medium-ripe with a long earing period. The growing season of the variety from germination to economic maturity is 98 days. The yield of Bolashak exceeds the standard of Kazakhstani10 (36,2 c/ha) on the irrigated area by 4,1 c/ha, the standard of Kazakhstani for early ripening (20,5 c/ha) in a non-irrigated hospital by 8,2 c/ha. The grain quality grade belongs to the category of valuable wheat varieties, resistant to dusty smut.

Genetic resources have great cultural and economic value, they are original and irreplaceable and form an integral part of human heritage. The urgent task is to preserve them for future generations and avoid loss or depreciation. Breeding and biotechnology largely depend on maintaining the viability and stability of genetic resources. Genetic resources provide the biological basis for national security and stability in solving the food problem both in the present and in the future, being a strategically valuable capital of any country.

Genetic resources of vegetable and melon crops concentrated in the collections of the "Kainar" LLP "KazRIFVG" according to the results of the inventory at the beginning of 2024, the number of accessions of the gene pool of vegetable and melon plants totals 12294, of which 38.0% are accessions of domestic origin. The Institute works with genetic resources in the following areas: replenishment and study of the collection, propagation of seeds and their storage, use of accessions in breeding.

Collection accessions of vegetable crops are represented by 139 species of vegetable crops and 23 botanical families; collections are collected from 100 countries of the world. The gene pool contains a rich and diverse source material of vegetable and melon plants, including valuable local and selection varieties, hybrids, populations, and wild species of vegetable plants. As a result of studying the gene pool collections of vegetable crops, 19 new varieties of vegetable crops for the Republic of Kazakhstan were created and approved for use in various areas at KazRIPV.

The article presents the results of a study devoted to determining the duration of the growing season in collectible samples of spring soft wheat. The study of the collection was carried out by the laboratory of genetic resources of grain crops of the A.I. Barayev Scientific Research Center of the Grain Farming in the period 2020-2022.

During the research, the duration of the growing season of the samples and the relationship between the duration of the growing season and the yield of the samples were studied. Among 60 samples of soft wheat, according to the results of studies conducted over an average of three years, precocious samples were identified: Demonstrant, Erythrospermum 79/07, Tyumenskaya 32, Lutescens SHT-335, Line 2026. The late-maturing samples over the years of study included the following samples: Chelyaba 80, Lutescens 1135, L. 654, Sibakovskaya Jubilee.

On average, over the years of studying the collection samples, 25% of the samples had a period of "germination-earing" of 33-37 days, 43% of the samples 38-40 days and 32% of the samples 41-46 days. Spring wheat cultivars Lutescens 1003, Lutescens 1012, L. 654, Lutescens 1135 distinguished themselves by an extended period of "sprouting-earing". The "earing-ripening" period of spring soft wheat ranged from 39 to 51 days. For a shorter period (40-41 days), such samples as: Lutescens 230/00, Lutescens 1082, Lutescens 1003, Lutescens 1012, etc. were distinguished.

The correlation dependence of the elements of the crop structure and the growing season is determined, the coefficient of variation by characteristics is analyzed. Samples have been selected that have the potential to be the basis for the development of new varieties of soft wheat within the framework of breeding programs specially adapted to the climatic conditions of Northern Kazakhstan.

In recent years, due to the aridity of the climate, a complex of sucking pests has been found on winter wheat crops, among which the most harmful is Sunn Pest (Eurygaster integriceps Puton). Despite the success in the world in studying the biology of this pest, in Kazakhstan, the selection of genotypes of winter wheat with adaptive properties to damage by Sunn Pest is an urgent problem. In recent years, scientific research aimed at studying the resistance of wheat to the Sunn Pest has not been conducted in the republic, the adaptability of wheat varieties to the pest has not been studied. The article shows the development of the Sunn Pest on winter wheat crops in grain-growing regions of Kazakhstan, taking into account the weather and climatic conditions of the regions in recent years. The relationship between climate warming and the expansion of the geographical range of the Sunn Pest has been studied. The main indicators in the study of the Sunn Pest of winter wheat are determined – the timing of the arrival of Sunn Pest on crops, the number of pests per unit area, the timing of egg laying and the percentage of eggs infected with telenomuses, the timing of hatching of larvae, the indicator of the hydrothermal coefficient and temperature regime of the region, wheat whiteness, the effectiveness of chemical and biological plant protection products.

Due to climate change and water shortages, there is a need to create alfalfa varieties that are drought-resistant and have low water consumption per unit of production. It is the most popular crop in the feed production of Kazakhstan. In the flora of Kazakhstan there are 7 wild species of alfalfa. Ecotypes of this species are involved in backcrossings with cultivated alfalfa M. sativa L. as a source for enhancing the adaptive potential of crops under conditions of water scarcity in the region.

Among them, the more common is Medicago falcata L., a drought-resistant species with numerous ecotypes. This article is devoted to the use of the positive properties of this species in breeding with the aim of transferring them to the cultivated species Medicago sativa L. Backcrossing is used. The original interspecific hybrids from M. falcata L. and M. sativa L. were re-crossed with M. sativa L. in a backcross system in generations BC1 – BC3 to displace undesirable traits of                M. falcata L.: hardness, lying type of bush, slow growth. Backcross hybrids have been obtained that are similar in architonics (phenotype) and regrowth capacity to M. sativa L. They can serve as the starting material for creating varieties with an increased level of drought resistance.

This article presents comparative results of 10 varieties of winter soft wheat for 2020-2023, created in LLP "Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing" and allowed for use in different regions of Kazakhstan from 1981 to 2020. The purpose of research was to study and compare varieties of winter soft wheat in recent years on rainfed and identify the best in the realities of climatic conditions in recent years. LLP "KazRIAPG" field experiments on breeding and seed production of winter wheat laid in the conditions of the foothill zone of Almaty region on light chestnut, loamy soils, where the humus content in the arable layer reaches 1.5-2.0%. In Almaty region one of the main limiting factors of meteorological conditions of the zone, affecting the level of productivity of winter wheat, is the amount of precipitation and air temperature during the vegetation period of plants. According to the results of the study productivity on the provided rainfed varieties «KazRIAPG» admitted and recommended by SCVTAC for 4 years varied significantly from 33.5 to 45.6 c/ha, with more productive for the years of study were varieties Zhetysu, Almaly, Egemen-20, Dimash and reliability of experiments (p)< .001. In commercial variety Steklovidnaya-24 on average for 4 years the level of yield varied from 35.9-47.2 c/ha.

The article shows the results of research for 2021-2023, identified data when processed using the analysis of variance method, and proved the differences between the options. The highest early ripening was found in varieties M-4007 and M-5027, within 118.2-119.5 days, and the remaining varieties turned out to be later ripening, in these forms the length of the growing season reached 122.2-128 ,5 days. Some F1 hybrids showed high early maturity, such as M-4011 x S-1604, S-1604 x Namangan-1, M-5027 x S-1607, M-5027 x Namangan-1, S-1607 x Namangan-1, however, the noted difference was within the NSR, except for the hybrid combinations F1 M-4011 x Namangan-1 and S-1607 x M-5027, where their average values exceeded them by 8-10 days. The obtained data on the inheritance of the height of the 1st sympodium in F1 varieties and hybrids and the effects of OCS using the analysis of variance method, which revealed significant differences between the variants in the height of the 1st sympodium in the original varieties. The best varieties turned out to be M-4007 and Namangan-1, where the planting height is 4.9-5.6 internodes, and for other varieties this figure was in the range of 5.9-6.9 internodes.