No. 2 (94) (2022): Research, results

A quantitative assessment of erythrocyte homeostasis in the body of Holstein heifers and its relationship with the amount of steroid hormones - cortisol and progesterone is given. Blood was taken from heifers of the experimental group (n=10) at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 months of age. The number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit by the age of 15 months increases by 36.33; 12.93 and 40.18%. At the same time, the volumetric characteristics of erythrocytes (average erythrocyte volume, erythrocyte distribution index by volume) practically do not depend on age, but their saturation with hemoglobin (average hemoglobin content in an erythrocyte, average hemoglobin concentration in an erythrocyte) decreases. The level of steroid hormones - progesterone and cortisol in the blood of heifers increases with age by 46.06 and 8.24 times (p≤0.05). At the same time, the concentration of cortisol statistically significantly correlates with the number of erythrocytes (r=0.71 - 0.95), the value of the index of distribution of erythrocytes by volume (r=0.74 - 0.98). The level of progesterone, starting from the age of 9 months, as well as erythrocytes (r=0.82 - 0.93) and hemoglobin (r=0.63 - 0.73). The results obtained allow us to judge the close relationship between the cellular composition of the blood and steoid hormones. Therefore, further study of this issue is relevant.

This article presents the results of the influence of the liquid polysaccharides feed additive (LLC NPF Elest, St. Petersburg) on ​​new-calf cows of the Holstein-Friesian breed.

The studies were carried out at the dairy farm LLP "Bek +", Kostanay region. The subject of the study was the physiological and productive changes in the body of animals, against the background of the use of feed additives. As a result of the experiment, the effectiveness and expediency of using this energy supplement was determined.On the basis of the above farm, two groups of highly productive new-calving cows were formed: control and experimental. According to the principle of pairs - analogues, which took into account: origin, age, live weight, date of last calving, milk yield. The number of animals is 10 heads in each group.The average daily milk yield is 18.1-19.5 kg of milk, live weight is 488-492 kg, on average. Experimental cows of all groups were in identical conditions of keeping, with two meals a day and three times milking through the milking parlor "Carousel" with a herd management program. The only difference was that the cows of the experimental group were additionally injected with the energy feed additive Liquid Polysaccharides, in the amount of 150 grams per head per day, to the main diet.

The duration of the experiment was 30 days.Measurements of live weight and average daily milk yield were made daily. The average live weight at the end of the experiment in the control and experimental groups was 497.7 and 504.97, respectively; and milk yield 22.37 and 25.77 liters. But the most important thing is that in the experimental group, weight and productivity began to recover much earlier, which indicates that the use of this supplement has a positive effect on new-calving animals and their productive qualities.

The data on the world experience and Kazakhstan's experience in the development of organic agriculture are presented. The development of the organic sector by continents, leaders in the area of land occupied by organic production, is considered. Organic production implies the cultivation of food products, the quality of which will exceed the traditional taste, organic products should be more beneficial to health, without the content of residues of various chemicals, nitrates, nitrites and toxic substances. And also better stored. The use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is strictly prohibited. There is a theory of so-called biological agriculture, on the basis of which a number of directions have emerged: "biological-dynamic", "organic-biological", or simply "organic", "natural", "ecological" agriculture.

The analysis of statistical materials of certified organic producers as of 2013 is given. The market of organic products in Asia is developing at a stable pace. Today, there is a tendency to divide Asian countries into two categories - countries that consume and countries that produce. Based on the analysis data and based on market demands, the guidelines for a promising strategy for the production of organic products by types and types of economic enterprises (entities) are determined.

This article shows the need to expand the range of specialized gluten-free products for patients with celiac disease. Celiac disease affects the intestinal mucosa of people who are sensitive to gluten, causing inflammation of the stomach. Therefore, for the formulation of gluten-free products, it is especially important to study the composition of raw materials, in particular, knowledge of the amino composition. Proteins entering the human body with food, under the action of digestive enzymes, are hydrolyzed to amino acids, from which, in the presence of enzymes, various proteins necessary for humans are formed. Amino acids are divided into essential and non-essential amino acids. Essential amino acids are considered very important for the human body, because the presence of essential amino acids in food indicates its nutritional value. Based on the analysis of the amino acid composition in the recipe of dry mixes for the production of gluten-free products, a method for the simultaneous use of two types of flour is indicated, since this allows you to balance the additional protein composition. As a result of the study, the amino acid composition of gluten-free flour varieties was studied. As raw materials, flour varieties of crops such as rice, corn, buckwheat, chickpeas, sorghum were taken and analyzed. It is established that each raw material has its own characteristics depending on the amino acid composition, respectively, in the future, the optimal grade of flour will be selected in the food recipe.

The rational use of crop genetic resources plays an important role in strengthening national food security. The demand for new varieties with a complex of valuable traits, adapted to various environmental conditions and capable of producing stable yields, is constantly growing. The creation of new varieties is impossible without scientifically selected and comprehensively studied source material from various ecological and geographical zones. The article presents the results of studying the collection of varieties of spring soft wheat for the study of economically valuable traits of Kazakhstan, Russian origin, as well as varieties from the center CIMMYT. In the course of the research, we determined the height of plants, productive bushiness, the number of grains per spike, grain size, and the yield of the studied varieties. When studying the collection of common wheat, special attention was paid to identifying accessions that combine a complex of traits. From 56 samples, on average, over three years of study, varieties: Shanyrak (Kazakhstan), Altaiskaya 70, Likamero, Fantaziya (Russia), К-4857, К-4860, К-4876 (CIMMYT) – by precocity; varieties Ingala, Sigma (Russia), К-4875, К-4861, К-4870, К-4891, К-4859 (CIMMYT) - according to the number of grains in the ear, varieties Serebristyi, Altaiskaya 70 (Russia), Taimas (Kazakhstan), К-4856, К-4891, К-4857, К-4878, К-4886, К-4891 (CIMMYT) by weight of 1000 grains and by yield varieties: Agata, Ingala, Sigma, Kur’er, Altaiskaya 70, Marlinka, Lamis, Fantaziya, Serebristyi (Russia), К-4860, К-4893, К-4857, К-4893, К-4865, К-4872, К-4875, К-4882, К-4861, К-4871, К-4887, К-4888, К-4890 (CIMMYT). These varieties can serve as starting material in breeding programs for spring soft wheat in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan.

Minimization of tillage without proper control of pathogens and pests, sowing of cereals according to grain precursors without taking into account the quality of seed material and varietal characteristics, the absence of crop rotations contribute to the increased infestation of grain crops with diseases, especially root rot, which can cause losses of 30% of the crop.

The article presents the results of seed treatment of spring wheat with the Tebu-Nazol fungicide, 25% s.c. (tebuconazole, 250 g/l), which was not used previously. Fungicide which is undergoing registration test Tebu-Nazol, 25% s.c. showed high efficiency in the combat against smut diseases, root rot and mold when treating spring wheat seeds before sowing. When conducting laboratory studies, the germination rate of control seeds was 90.5%, whereas in the experiment (Tebu-Nasol, 25% k.s. - 0.1 l/t) this index was 94.9%; seed mold in the experimental variety was 1.1%, in the standard (Folmex, t.k.s-0.1 l/t) - 1.2%, while in the control, where no seed treatment was carried out, it was 6.1% respectively. As a result of pre-sowing treatment in field experiments, the yield increases with using of the Tebu-Nazol protectant, 25% s.c. (0,1 l/t) in comparison with the control was 3.5 c/ha, and in the standard (Folmex, t.k.s – 0,1 l/t)  was 2.9 c/hectare.

The article presents the results of determining the acid number of the obtained blends, the K-1 sample showed a value of 0.67 mg KOH/g, which is 2.23 times less than the KF of the original unrefined linseed oil. The average value of the peroxide index for the K-1 sample of the resulting blend is 1.56 mmol O2 / kg, which indicates a slight increase in the level of primary oxidation products compared to the samples of the original rapeseed oil. It is important not only the total content of these acids, but also their ratio. According to the recommendations, the optimal ratio of ω-3/ω-6 is equal to 5:1 in the form of a K-1 composition. In nature, oils with a balanced composition of ПҚМҚ ω-6 and ω-3 do not exist. Therefore, the most effective way to create oils balanced by a given composition and ratio of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is to blend them. When developing recipes for new balanced compositions, it is important to take into account taste characteristics, oxidation resistance, cost, etc. The balance of the blend of vegetable oils can be achieved taking into account the structural characteristics corresponding to the established recommendations and the mass of components corresponding to consumption standards. Based on the conducted research, the technology of spreads has been improved due to the optimal ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the finished product and an increase in the shelf life of the latter, characterized by the specified organoleptic properties and the resistance of the fat phase to oxidation.

This article discusses the production of confectionery products using additives from vegetable raw materials, the production of confectionery products using non-traditional raw materials as vegetable raw materials, i.e. pumpkin seed. Bakery and flour confectionery products are among the most popular on the territory of Kazakhstan. Enriching the nutrition of the Kazakh people with high-quality, safe and balanced products is one of the main directions of the state's social policy. Pumpkin is found throughout Kazakhstan, and its use in the form of puree, grains for other purposes, especially in flour confectionery, is characterized by increased consumption and accessibility to the population. The originality of pumpkin and its usefulness are already familiar to the Kazakh people, and the Kazakh dastarkhan has a large assortment of not only pumpkin confectionery, but also other unusual dishes. The main goal is not only to consume high-quality products in Kazakhstan and increase the range of confectionery products, but also to enter foreign markets. The purpose of this work is to increase the range of confectioner's products and to compile a recipe for high-quality sweet products of non-harmful purpose, which will benefit the human body. Also, determination of organoleptic, physico-chemical parameters, evaluation of quantitative and qualitative properties when adding non-traditional vegetable raw materials to confectionery products. The results of the research are discussed. One of the relevant topics that cause the main survey today is the production of waste-free products. Therefore, the use of pumpkin seed in cooking is the result of such relevant research. This article is studied using the requirements and standards of certain state GOST standards. This article is intended for young people seeking to develop in a modern direction.

The woolly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum (Homoptera: Aphidiae) is an important pest of apples around the world. Since the withdrawal of certain broad-spectrum insecticides from use, E. lanigerum has become one of the most important pests in apple growing regions. Currently , the effective management of the blood-red toad population is based on a good synergy between chemical methods of control and biological management of beneficial insects, especially through its main unique natural enemy, the parasite Aphelinus mali (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Detailed monitoring data of both types were collected in the field (Almaty region) for ten years (2010-2020) to develop a Knowledge-Based Decision Support System. The flights of Aphelinus mali began before the flowering of apples in the garden and continued at least until the end of the flight of the second generation . E. the emergence of important stages in the cultivation of lanigerum, such as the beginning of wool formation or spring activity, and the transition of reptiles from colonies to flower clusters or shoots, was carefully monitored. All the information obtained was compared with historical and literary data and analyzed in a phenological model of population dynamics. Our results are based on the developed model of the first generation adult A. it was assumed that the appearance of mali (important for the first parasitic activity and the basis for the continuation of the offspring of A. mali in the continuation of the season) can be accurately predicted. Therefore, this information can be used to stop spraying insecticides with harmful effects at this point, as the results of field tests show. In addition, E. the beginning of migration of lanigerum reptiles to flower clusters or new shoots is accurately predicted by the model. 

In 2021-2022 , measures were taken to control the state of entomofauna of apple orchards grown under biological, complex and chemical protection conditions in Almaty region. In total, 43 pests belonging to 27 relatives were registered in the garden, where biological control was carried out. In the garden, where complex and chemical control was carried out, 35 and 26 species compositions were recorded. Apple fruit Beetle - Cydia pomonella, is the main pest of all apple orchards in Almaty region. Other pests with a high density in gardens with complex protection measures are apple moth – Hoplocampa testudinea, tortoiseshell butterflies and weevils : Phyllobius oblongus, Rhynchites bacchus and R. aequatus. The population of aphids , leafhoppers, Epicometis hirta and leafhoppers has increased periodically.In total, 30 predators belonging to 4 orders and 7 families were found. Biological protection there were too many useful insects in the orchard. In total, 30 predatory parasites belonging to 4 orders and 7 families were found. The Blood Maiden beetle has played an important role as the highest population density and natural regulators of the number of small pests.7 parasites belonging to the family Hymenoptera have been found to be the most important natural regulators of aphids ,flycatchers, and leafhoppers. The population density of useful insects in the complex protection garden was low, but their importance as a natural pest control was high. In chemically treated Gardens, insecticide treatment reduces the number of pests and beneficial insects. Before carrying out chemical treatment , it is necessary to know the phenphase of biologically useful insects. The lack of natural regulators can lead to an increase in the population density of leafhoppers , aphids and other pests.

Hazelnuts are one of the most popular nuts consumed by people. Among dried fruits, the cultivation of hazelnuts occupies one of the first places. Based on this consideration, it was decided to check whether the great commercial value of this fruit corresponds to an equally dynamic and productive development of scientific activity. The purpose of this study was to characterize some of the physical and mechanical characteristics, features of the form of hazelnut varieties grown in the South-East of Kazakhstan. In recent years, researchers have mainly focused on the physical properties of agricultural products to study the relationship between and between physical and chemical parameters. For agricultural products, appearance, shape and size are important parameters. The physical properties of agricultural commodities are largely used in various processes and operations such as storage, classification, drying, packaging, sizing and transportation of these products. The shape and size properties of the samples were determined using conventional measurement methods. Measurements were made on 80 randomly selected hazelnuts, 10 hazelnuts from each tree. Hazelnuts were collected in 2020 in the Ile-Alatau National Park in nursery number 1, which is located in the Almaty region. The collected fruits are immediately transferred to the laboratory. Nut samples were dried to a standard moisture content before being analyzed and measured in the laboratory. The novelty lies in the fact that biometric data of the Corrylus Avellana species outside the natural habitat has not been described before. At the same time, the research was focused not only on production in the field, but also on the study and improvement of product quality. Thanks to the analysis, it was possible to trace some future research directions for this relatively little-studied topic.

The article provides an analysis of the use of LED lighting of livestock premises, which can not only be energy efficient, but also help to increase the productivity of farms. Agriculture is the largest consumer of electrical energy in the form of optical radiation. Rational use and saving of electricity in lighting and irradiation installations is of the greatest importance in the overall balance of electricity consumption. The products of lighting and irradiation installations in agriculture are a stream that creates the required illumination for performing visual work, or ultraviolet irradiation for exposure to animals in order to preserve and increase productivity. The costs are capital one-time costs for lighting installations (equipment, installation) and operating costs for the maintenance of lighting and irradiation installations, primarily for the replacement of radiation sources, their cleaning, as well as for electricity payments. Considering that the cost of electricity has increased very much, the issue of reducing the cost of lighting and irradiation is of great relevance. Thus, the task of lighting and irradiation installations is reduced to reducing both direct capital costs and operating costs, i.e. mainly to reducing electricity consumption and are among the most important problems.

To reduce losses and improve the quality of harvesting of pasture plant seeds by isolating biologically valuable seeds and reducing the degree of their injury, it is necessary to re-equip the serial inclined chambers of the combine harvester. By dismantling the necessary components of the inclined chamber with the spacer of the experimental installation, it is possible to study the leveling of the granary biomass by each of the feeding organs separately, and when they are put in place - in a complex.

The principles of reducing the loss of seeds and their injury by preliminary isolation of free seeds from the mown crop mass, as well as pre-threshing destruction of the connection of ripened seeds with the stem are implemented in the design scheme of the combine harvester.

With a quadratic regression equation of four independent variables, we can convert it to canonical form and analyze multi-dimensional view of the response surface in the investigated region of the factor space, and find the zone settings in which the response is extreme.

Sum of squares due to regression (SSR) to complete the destruction of com double µ and the degree of leveling wheatgrass biomass v, is about 93% of the total sum of squares (SST), and for the degree of separation of spikes λ - 89,5%.

Therefore, taking these coordinates for the optimal solution and converting them into natural scale, the following parameters improved feeding channel: supply of biomass q = 2,57 kg / pm; the length of the fracture L = 58,73 cm;  angle of attack a = 25,76 corrugation deg.; height of the corrugation h - 19,62 mm

Currently, the main category of agricultural producers that have a certain stability in the conditions of the market economy of Kazakhstan are households of the population, individual entrepreneurs and farms. The share of livestock products produced by these enterprises reaches more than 90% in the total volume of cattle production in the republic. This direction of livestock production is relevant for small-scale producers due to the demand of the population for finished products. However, today these farms face the problem of creating a normalized microclimate for animals, contributing to the possibility of maximizing their genetic potential. This problem is primarily due to the lack of domestic and high cost of supplied foreign ventilation equipment. In some farms, inefficient, imperfect systems and technical means of providing heat are still used, without sufficient scientific justification, including in the form of various types of boiler houses, excessively capital-intensive, not providing standardized conditions for keeping animals, with large losses and significant energy overspending. Based on the identified problems, the article considers the developed energy-saving technology for creating a microclimate system that provides automation of air exchange control in the cowshed and their effective functioning with autonomous heat supply of livestock premises. The implementation of the system is carried out through the use of a complex of reversible heat pump chiller and fan coils integrated with low-potential sources of outdoor air, ground heat, solar energy and recycled heat of livestock premises. The normalized microclimate of the livestock premises, the control of technological parameters of temperature and relative humidity of the air is carried out by a line of touch panels of the operator brand ОВЕН СП307-Р, designed to visually display the values of microclimate parameters, operational management and maintaining an archive of events or values.