No. 3 (91) (2021): Research, results

The article studies the effect of the iodine-containing biologically active feed additive «Albit Bio» on the growth, development and productive qualities of broiler chickens.

According to the research results, it was found that the use of the studied doses of the feed additive «Albit Bio» as part of compound feeds increases the live weight of broiler chickens by the end of cultivation by 4,7-12,8% compared to the control standard diet without the additive.

The optimal dose of the feed additive «Albit Bio» was established when raising young animals for meat: 0.15 ml of the additive per 1 kg of mixed feed in the first week of cultivation, 0.45 ml of the additive per 1 kg of mixed feed in general according to experience. When using a dose of 0.45 ml/kg of mixed feed, the average daily increase in live weight of chickens for the entire growing period was 13.1% higher than in the control. At the same time, an increase in the safety of livestock was noted to 96.6%.

Calculations of the economic efficiency of using the feed additive «Albit Bio» in the cultivation of broiler chickens showed that higher profitability was in the group where a feed additive was added to the feed of young chickens at a dose of 0.45 ml. At the same time, the profit per 1 head in the control group was 30 tenge, and in the 5th group it was 45 tenge, that is, the use of the feed additive «Albit Bio» increased the profit by 1.5 times.

Diagnostic studies of cattle for trichomoniasis have shown a high prevalence of this invasion in the South-East of Kazakhstan and its significant role in the pathology of infertility of animals. In seven farms of Talgar, Ili and Karatal districts of Almaty region, 84 animals with genital lesions were isolated from 826 examined cows, bulls and heifers. The animals suspected of having trichomoniasis were mainly yals with various pathologies of the genitals. The diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic studies. Microscopic examination of flushes from the genitals in 9 animals revealed trichomonads, 13 trichomonad carriers were isolated on the culture medium of Petrovsky. Cultivation of trichomonads on a nutrient medium allows for an earlier diagnosis of the disease, as well as to identify hidden carriers of the pathogen. For the cultivation of trichomonads on a nutrient medium for the purpose of diagnosing trichomoniasis of cattle, we have prepared a modified medium based on the medium of V. V. Petrovsky. The growth of the parasite on this medium occurred more intensively. The maximum number of trichomonads was reached on the 3rd day after sowing, partial death of parasites begins with 5-6 days of cultivation and by the 10th day they die almost completely. In the environment of Petrovsky, the maximum number of parasites was reached on 3-4 days, but the growth intensity was less, the death of parasites began from 4 days and by 6-7 days they completely died.

The study of the influence of precipitation on the yield of spring wheat and barley was carried out on production crops in the scientific and experimental campus of KazATU named after S. Seifullin in 2016-2019. In the conditions of the dry-steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan, the influence of atmospheric precipitation on the yield of spring wheat and barley was studied. During the years of research, the amount and timing of precipitation and their impact on yield were analyzed. The analysis of the average annual precipitation showed that during the growing season it is 41%. The dependence of the productivity of grain crops on the timing of precipitation and their amount is established. The accumulation of snow in the fields in the winter period and the amount of productive moisture in the meter layer of soil in the spring period were determined. The effect of snow reserves on yield has not been established. In the conditions of uneven precipitation by season, the precipitation that fell in June-July had a decisive influence on the yield in the critical moisture-demand phases of grain crops development. The correlation of yield with precipitation that fell during these months in spring wheat was 0.61, in barley 0.41. During the growing season of grain crops, the amount of precipitation and air temperature were analyzed by month. The results of the research showed that the yield of grain crops had significant differences over the years. While the differences in the amount of precipitation over the years did not have significant differences. In the years favorable for the timing (June-July) of precipitation, the average yield of spring wheat was 14.7 c/ha, the yield of barley was 13.7 c/ha.

In the Republic of Kazakhstan, purposeful breeding work of facultative soft wheat varieties began only in 2013 at the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Production LLP. There is no information in the literature on the degree of expression of productivity elements in splitting hybrid populations of facultative common wheat obtained from various types of crossing

combinations (facultative varieties x facultative varieties, facultative varieties x winter varieties, facultative varieties x spring varieties and winter varieties x spring varieties). Clarification of this issue is the purpose of this work. As a result, it was found that under the conditions of autumn and spring crops in the southeast of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the efficiency of selection of productive lines of facultative soft wheat is higher in hybrid populations F₂ – F₄ obtained from crossing types: facultative varieties x winter varieties and winter varieties x spring varieties. The yield of such lines in the control nursery ranged from 46.1 to 56.7 c / ha in autumn and from 32.7 to 44.4 c / ha during spring sowing (the yield of the standard variety Kazakhstanskaya 10 - 44.2 and 34.9 c / ha, respectively). Consequently, these types are crossing determining when breeding productive optional soft wheat varieties.

The paper considers the influence of geographical zone conditions on the development and productivity of Carthamus tinctorius L. Their influence on the power of plants and the development of the reproductive sphere, starting from the virgin age stage, was revealed. A reduction in the duration of the growing season of plants in the conditions of the Voronezh region as an adaptation mechanism of the species is established. At the same time, the seed productivity of safflower does not depend much on geographical conditions. The paper presents the results of studying the morphogenetic characteristics of individuals and the timing of the onset of individual phenophases. These data show the high adaptive potential of the crop and the possibility of its cultivation in the conditions of the Central Chernozem region.

The research was carried out from 2015 to 2017 on ordinary chernozems of the Kostanay region in order to introduce elements of organic farming in production conditions, namely, four-field grain-steam-grass crop rotation (sudanese grass – wheat – peas + oats – wheat), with subsequent study of their effect on the water-physical properties of the soil and the content of residual amounts of pesticides in grain and soil. Records and observations were carried out according to the standard generally accepted methodology. The use of biologized steam, sowing of sudanese grass and peas + oats mixture with grinding and distribution of the green mass growing after the first mowing, contributes to better accumulation of moisture and necessary nutrients in the soil and improvement of microbiological processes. It was found that the best moisture availability was noted in the wheat field after biologized steam with sowing of sudanese grass – 190.6 mm. The analysis showed that the technology of organic farming allowed to accumulate summer precipitation for harvesting: sudanese grass (biologized steam) – 112.1 mm, peas + oats (biologized steam) – 117.9 mm. A correlative relationship was also revealed between the availability of soil moisture before sowing and the field germination of agricultural crops cultivated using organic technology – d_yx = 0.93. According to the results of laboratory tests to determine the residual amounts of pesticides – Uragan forte 500 v.r., Sekator turbo, m.d., Falkon, k.e., Bars super, 10 k.e., Karate, 050, k.e. in the grain of spring wheat and soil, it was found that the studied preparations were not found in the grain and soil. 

For the first time, using the example of spring wheat, it is shown that the laboratory assessment of drought and heat resistance by the nature of the root system development significantly correlates with the development of ear productivity elements when cultivating crops in the field. It is also shown that the genotypes of spring wheat differ significantly in the nature of the reaction to the edaphic stress of the root systems and the photosynthetic apparatus of the leaves. As a result of a comprehensive (laboratory and field) assessment of the level of drought resistance and heat resistance of spring wheat varieties and hybrids, genotypes were identified that combine resistance at the early stages of development with the stability of the photosynthetic apparatus of leaves under stress. The identified genotypes are currently used in breeding work for the cultivation of drought-resistant and heat-resistant varieties. 5 varieties and 15 hybrids of spring wheat of various ecological and geographical origin were evaluated according to the degree of drought and heat resistance obtained from the Kazakh Research Center of Agriculture and Crop Production. The selected varieties and hybrids after a year-long field study in the Almaty region were identified by the laboratory for the selection of spring wheat for various breeding and valuable char. Experimentally, the optimal concentration of sucrose solution was established for spring wheat, in which, according to the degree of germination of seeds and accumulation of dry mass from sprouts, the best deferentiation of samples was observed – 74.45 g/l, which corresponds to an osmotic pressure of 9 atmospheres.

Seed grazing is a complex of works with the creation of an artificial shell on the surface of the seeds, which increases its size and weight, and it, in turn, allows the use of such seeds for accurate seeding and thereby makes it possible to avoid manual thinning in the future, which significantly reduces the cost of manual labor. The addition of plant protection products (insecticides, fungicides and herbicides) to the draining mass, respectively, from pests, fungal diseases, weeds and the introduction of growth stimulants, micro-fertilizers, water-sorbents creates favorable conditions for fast friendly plant shoots.

The urgency of the problem lies in the fact that in order to switch to industrial draining of sugar beet seeds in specialized firms or centers, it is necessary to solve a number of issues related to draining and preliminary preparation of seeds. It, in turn, requires conducting research and giving a clear, accurate justification of various combinations and individual characteristics of the components that are included in the composition of dragees, the correct ratio of macro and microelements, fungicides and insecticides. It is necessary to identify the causes and work out techniques that contribute to increasing the field germination of sugar beet when sowing with drained seeds. To follow the dynamics of growth and development of plants obtained from drained and etched sugar beet seeds. To study the effect of grinding on seed germination and to give a comparative characteristic of domestic and foreign mixtures of components used in draining. The solution of this problem will reduce the costs of sugar beet cultivation and significantly increase its yields. 

Growing traditional green fodder requires a lot of land, but also grows with the absorption of large amounts of water and soil nutrients, depending on the metrological conditions in such cultivation. In this case certain costs of cultivation requires and the years when the sun was hot risk of burns. The influence of such factors one way to reduce the cultivation is by hydroponic method. During the study to plants nutrient transfer based on technology the following six types of hydroponic systems (HS) are considered: rising and falling water; HS in the nutrient solution; aeroponics; HS of aquatic crops; drip irrigation HS. At the same time, HS in the production of green fodder an overview of the design was made and their advantages and disadvantages are considered.HS is effective in the cultivation of green fodder nutrients as a technology the cultivation by transfer is. With this technology the cultivation of fodder grasses because it takes place in a closed system, feed solution into this system transfer automation is easy. Optimization of hydroponic feed technology for technological purposes trends control requires modernization of automation equipment (MAE).

The article presents material on vegetative reproduction of five species of hawthorn in greenhouse conditions in the south-east of Kazakhstan. To collect green cuttings, the time frame was determined, covering the period of formation of annual shoots before the start of their branching. The root-forming process in various species of hawthorn was uneven. Thus, the first small roots were formed in C. sanguinea Pall., And C. dahurica Koehne (heteroauxin 100 mg / l and 150 mg / l) at the same time, callus was just formed in other species. Taking C. almaatensis Pojark as an example. (heteroauxin 100 mg / l) with any types of cuttings, the tendency to a decrease in the percentage of rooting from May to July remains: 25-16% - closed; 24-16% - open; 23-14% are coarse. The heterogeneity of the process of root formation in the studied plants was experimentally revealed. In general, the level of rooting of green cuttings of the studied hawthorn species was found to be low, ranging from 6 to 32%. The best period for pruning hawthorn is the second decade of May.

On the territory of Kazakhstan, hawthorn can be introduced into cultivation in all regions, but at the same time, the rules for the release of seeds, taking into account the forest seed zoning, can be observed. In forestry, the main and priority method of reproduction is seed. Seed propagation has a number of advantages over vegetative propagation: high viability, good adaptation of seed plants to new growing conditions and low cost of planting material. Vegetative reproduction is used to maintain maternal traits.

The article considers the basics for growing stecklings in a greenhouse complex, methods of pre-sowing soil preparation, timing and scheme for sowing seeds of sugar beet hybrids components. The quality of seeds and obtaining high yields, with good technological properties are due to the conditions of growing mother beet. In the production of seeds of sugar beet hybrids based on cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), separate male-sterile (MS) and cross-fertile fertile pollinating plants (Op) are used as components of crossing. Sugar beet has a two-year development cycle. In the first year, root crops are formed, intended for growing seeds, in the second year, a rosette of leaves grows from the vegetative buds of the root crop, and flower – bearing stems grow from the generative buds. A method of growing stecklings in a greenhouse with accelerated reproduction of breeding valuable numbers has found wide application. Recently, the cultivation of royal root crops by summer thickened crops has become widespread, which allow you to get a healthy planting material without additional expansion of the areas for royal beets, thereby increasing the reproduction coefficient. Therefore, for small uterine root crops, the research was aimed at studying the methods of a one-year cycle of seed production and identifying among them the most optimal one that provides a high yield of healthy planting material.

In the article the experiences of foreign countries in the organization of land use, such aspects as: forms of ownership, restrictions on the size of land, the development of rental relations in different countries of the world, the opinions of various authors are considered. The minimum and maximum sizes of land use granted to one person in the countries of the world have been analyzed. Direct payments to farmers in European Union (EU) and Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) countries have been studied. The analysis of the current legislation on land turnover in foreign countries has been presented.

The current restrictions on the size of land plots provided for rent and private ownership to one individual and legal entity are given. The results of the work of the Land Commission of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the identified costs in the process of land reform are presented. The measures taken by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan to eliminate them by introducing a moratorium for 5 years on the sale of land to private ownership are outlined and the main directions for improving land relations in Kazakhstan are outlined.

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the method for determining the parameters and indicators of egg quality using a new algorithm and a computer program using non-destructive optoelectronic methods, new methods for determining the shape index (If) of an egg, the shape coefficient (K1) and the volume of an egg by an optical method determined from one plane, as well as the density of an egg calculated indirectly are given. To study the adequacy of the algorithm and program for obtaining and processing egg images and calculating informative signs for evaluating quality indicators, an experimental optoelectronic installation (OUE) was developed and manufactured, the main components of which are an optical camera and a strain gauge sensor. The results of an experimental test of the operation of a mock-up sample of an optoelectronic installation are carried out, according to the results of which a statistical analysis of the feasibility of using the optoelectronic method in comparison with the traditional method of determining the parameters and indicators of egg quality is carried out. The results of statistical processing showed that the values of large and small diameters during manual measurement and measurement on the SEU differ slightly, and for small eggs, the values of diameters measured on the SEU are less than the values measured by a caliper manually, and for large eggs, on the contrary, the values of egg densities during manual weighing on the scales and measured on the SEU by an automated method practically coincide, the relative error does not exceed 0.33 %.

The article is based on the methods and algorithm for determining the quality indicators of apples and their automatic sorting by category. The main quality indicators are according to GOST 34314-2017 include: appearance, size, smell, taste and permissible deviations. One of the most important works when placing apples for storage is sorting by size, cleaning from waste, as well as separating fruits affected by rot and late blight. The need for sorting apples occurs during storage, about a few percent of the fruit is exposed to various rotations, the main part of which is gray rot. The cost of manual labor for separating rotten fruits before storage is 20-30% of the total cost of labor in apple production. In various older samples,the types of working methods and algorithms for sorting structures were considered, including mechanical sorting, which determines the size by calibration, or sorting by weight, which determines the weight of apples using weights. The disadvantages of these machines are the jamming of raw materials in the holes, mechanical damage (scratching) of the product surface, the inability to quickly adjust the sorting process, and as a result, very conditional sorting accuracy. As a result of the research, the opto-electronic method is the most modern and correct solution, in particular, the determination of basic quality standards by automating the sorting process using an image capture device. The opto-electronic method is used for optical sorting of fruits by color characteristics, as a result of which various color impurities are removed from the products. The optical sorter allows you to remove damaged and poor-quality products.

The subject of my research work is the parameters and operating modes of a rotary machine for sorting agricultural products. The object of the study is the technological process of sorting potatoes with a rotary-screw device.

The purpose of this work is to substantiate the parameters and operating mode of sorting potato tubers of the rotary-screw type by improving the sorting device of the rotary type to increase the specific productivity and sorting accuracy.

Theoretical studies were based on methods of mathematical and mechanical modeling of the interaction of potato tubers with a rotary-screw sorting device in the process of their movement. The experimental studies were carried out by the method of planning multifactorial experiments.

The scientific novelty of the work is as follows:

- the design and technological scheme of a rotary-screw machine sorting potatoes is justified;

- analytical dependencies are established, the connection between the technological parameters of the sorting machine and the mode of operation of the feeding working body (rotor-feeder)is established;

- a mathematical model of the sorting process according to the qualitative optimization parameter (sorting accuracy)is obtained;

-the optimal parameters and operating modes of a rotary-screw sorting machine for potatoes have been determined, ensuring rational sorting accuracy with a relatively short drum length and reducing the energy intensity of the process.

The scientific provisions and conclusions contained in the dissertation allow us to substantiate the main design parameters of a rotary-screw sorting device for potatoes, which can be used by design organizations.