Abstract
The most widespread and effective method of protecting walnut trees from diseases is through chemical treatments. With the increasing variety of fungal pathogens affecting walnut trees in the southern zone of fruit production in Kazakhstan, there is a need to study the effectiveness of fungicides against these pathogens. Therefore, laboratory and field studies were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of several fungicides against the most common diseases of walnut trees caused by Fusarium and Alternaria fungi.
The effectiveness of fungicides with different mechanisms of action was studied for the first time. The fungicides evaluated were Score (difenoconazole, 250 g/l), Horus (cyprodinil, 750 g/kg), Stroby (kresoxim-methyl, 500 g/kg), Luna Tranquility (fluopyram, 125 g/l + pyrimethanil, 375 g/l) against walnut diseases in the southern zone of fruit cultivation in Kazakhstan. The results of both laboratory and field experiments showed that the most effective fungicide against fungal pathogens on walnut was Score (difenoconazole, 250 g/l). Stroby (kresoxim-methyl, 500 g/kg) also demonstrated over 80% biological efficacy against Alternaria alternata.
The results of this study will assist local growers in managing various fungal diseases in walnut plantations.
01 Introduction
The full text of the article is available for download in PDF format on the right panel.
02 References
- 1) Oleichenko, S.N. Bookmark walnut plantations in the South of Kazakhstan. Collection of materials of the international scientific and practical seminar “Providing the nut growing industry of Kazakhstan with high-quality planting material of promising forms varieties", 2018. -10–13.
- 2) Кairova, G.; Ismagulova, E.; Oleichenko, S.; Basim, H.; Tursunova, A.; Korabaeva S. Identıfıcatıon of the maın dıseases of walnut ın the southern fruıt-growıng zone of Kazakhstan. Izdenister Natigeler, Almaty, 2024. -(1(101). -91–102. https://doi.org/10.37884/1-2024/10
- 3) Hawamdeh, A.S.; Ahmad, S. In Vitro Control of Alternaria solani, the Cause of Early Blight of Tomato. Journal of Biological Sciences, 2001. –1. -949-950. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2001.949.950
- 4) Dubrovskaya, N.N.; Gusev, I.V.; Chekmarev, V.V. Application of the cup method to assess the effectiveness of fungicides against fungi of the genus Fusarium. Collection of materials of VI International Scientific and Practical Conference "Fundamental scientific research: theoretical and practical aspects". Kemerovo: publishing house LLC "West-Siberian Scientific Centre", 2018. - 215-217.
- 5) Chekmarev, V.V. Methodology for determining the biological efficacy of fungicides against fungi of the genus Fusarium and their resistance to chemicals. Tambov: Print-Service, 2015. -61.
- 6) List of pesticides (toxic chemicals) approved for use on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2013–2022. https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/agroindust/documents/details/41094?lang=ru. (date access: 29/07/2024).
- 7) Mytsa, E.D.; Elansky, S.N.; Kokaeva, L.Y.; Pobedinskaya, M.A.; Ignatov, A.N.; Kuznetsova, M.A.; Kozlovsky, B.E.; Denisov, A.N.; Zherebin, P.M.; Krutyakov, Y.A. New preparation Zerox - evaluation of fungicidal and bactericidal effect in vitro. Achievements of science and technology of agroindustrial complex, 2014. -28,12. 16-19.
- 8) Khasanov, B.A.; Safarov, A.A.; Boyjigitov, F.M. Fungal Diseases of Persian Walnut in Uzbekistan and their Control. Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci, 2019. -7(5). - 327-334. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.7727.
- 9) Selim, R.E.; Khalil, M.S. Strobilurins: New group of fungicides. J Plant Sci Phytopathol, 2021. – 5. - 063-064. https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.jpsp.1001062.
- 10) Sun, Z.X.; Hsiang, T.; Li, J.K.; Zhou, Y.; Deng, J.X.; Wang, F. First report of Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium solani on walnut in central China. Journal of Plant Pathology, 2016. -98 (3). - 677-697. 10.4454/JPP.V98I3.011
- 11) Belisario, A.; Maccaroni, M.; Coramusi, A.; Corazza, L.; Pryor, B. M.; Figuli, P. First report of Alternaria species groups involved in disease complexes of hazelnut and walnut fruit. Plant Disease. 2004. -88 (4). - 426-426.
- 12) Zhijin, Liu.; Rui, Zhang.; Deying, Sun.; Maliyanguli, Tuerdi.; Tiansheng Zhu.; Xiaofei, Chen. Alternaria alternata Causing Brown Spot Disease on Walnut in Xinjiang, China. Plant Disease, 2023. - 107:7. - 2224. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-22-1536-PDN
- 13) Basim, E.; Basim, H.; Baki, D. Identification of Alternaria alternata as a causal agent of leaf blight disease on walnut. International Agricultural Science Congress, 2018. - 542.
- 14) Belisario, A.; Santori, A.; Potente, G.; Fiorin, A.; Saphy, B.; Reigne, J.L., Valier, A. Brown apical necrosis (BAN): a fungal disease causing fruit drop of English walnut. Acta Horticulturae, 2010. -(861). -449-452. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2010.861.63
- 15) Moya-Elizondo, E.A.; Lagos, M.J.; San Martin, J.; Ruiz, B. First report of Alternaria alternata and Fusarium spp. causing brown apical necrosis in walnut fruit in Southern Chile. Plant Health Progress, 2021. -22 (4). -573- 574. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-05-21-0080-BR
- 16) Available online: https://www.cropscience.bayer.ru/product/luna-trankviliti-1, https://www.syngenta.ru/products/crop-protection/fungicides/chorus, https://www.syngenta.ru/lawn-and-garden/plant-protection-against-diseases/score, https://www.agro-by.basf.com/be/
- 17) Vincent, J.M. Distortion of fungal hyphae in the presence of certain inhibitor. Nature, 1947. -15:850.
- 18) Programme and methodology of varietal studies of fruit, berry and nut crops. Under the general editorship of E. N. Sedov and T. P. Ogoltsova. Orel: VNIISPK Publishing House, 1999. -102-111.
- 19) Chumakov, A.E.; Minkevich, I.I.; Vlasov, Yu.I.; Gavrilova, E.A. Basic methods of phytopathological research. Moscow: Kolos, 1974. -190.