PROMISING TREE AND SHRUB SPECIES FOR LANDSCAPING IN WESTERN KAZAKHSTAN

This study presents long-term research conducted at the Zhanibek Experimental Station on selecting promising tree and shrub species for landscaping arid regions of Western Kazakhstan. The aim was to identify species resistant to extreme soil and climatic conditions, including solonetz and ameliorated solonetz soils, and to evaluate their viability, growth, and longevity. The methodology included observations of plant morphology, survival rates after planting, growth dynamics, resistance to abiotic stresses, and adaptive responses to environmental conditions. Special attention was given to comparing native and introduced species to determine optimal combinations for sustainable landscaping. The most resilient tree species identified were pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila), white poplar (Populus alba), wild apple (Malus sylvestris), Tatar maple (Acer tataricum), common ash (Fraxinus excelsior), silver birch (Betula pendula), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), and common pear (Pyrus communis). Among shrubs, the most устойчивые species included Tatar honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica), golden currant (Ribes aureum), narrow-leaved sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides var. angustifolia), multi-branched broom (Cytisus multiflorus), and yellow locust (Robinia pseudoacacia var. flava). Results showed that Siberian elm and Tatar maple performed best on solonetz soils, while steppe xerophytes were more effective on ameliorated soils. Key adaptation mechanisms include extensive root systems, water balance regulation, osmotic adjustment, and synthesis of protective compounds. The findings demonstrate that combining native and introduced species enhances plantation resilience, improves microclimate, and supports effective ecological and urban greening in arid regions.